○韓笑雨
寫作教學是小學英語教學的重要組成部分。但由于一些教師對中年級寫作教學的研究不足,教學中淡化寫作教學目標的完成,導致學生升入高年級后英語寫作問題重重,寫作水平呈現出嚴重的兩極分化的狀況。本文結合具體教學課例,對寫作教學中的常見問題進行梳理,并提出相應的解決策略,為小學英語寫作教學提供一些思路。
教學內容:冀教版小學英語四年級上冊Les?son 12 John and Jack(Story time)
T:John and his dog,Jack,are good friends.Look at the pictures from 1 to 4,and read the story.Then answer the questions,please.Question 1,What do they do in the morning?
S1:They play together.
S2:John brushes his teeth and washes his face.Jack watches him.
...
在這一教學片段中,看似學生通過閱讀可以準確找出教師所提問題的答案,實現了閱讀、理解故事這一教學目標,但此處教學設計因為教師缺乏讀寫結合意識,不僅置學生于被動閱讀之中,而且錯失讀寫關聯活動的良好時機,教師未能有意識地在閱讀教學中融入寫作活動,以幫助學生初步體會作文寫法,培養學生的寫作意識。
T:Look!Who are they?
S1:This is John,and this is his dog,Jack.
S2:They are good friends.
T:Do they play together in every day?
Ss:Yes.They play together.
T:What do they do together?Now there are four pictures,please look carefully and put the pictures in the correct order.

學生通過讀圖與閱讀,完成給圖片排序的任務。活動設計以讀代寫,引導學生觀察、思考、分析,學生依據時間線索給故事圖片排序,初步建構起故事情節按時間發展的寫作邏輯。

T:look at the picture.What do they say?
S1:Jack says,“Here you are.”
S2:John says,“Thanks,Jack!”
T:OK!Now please write down the dia?logue with John and Jack.And act out.
...
教師充分調動學生已有的語言知識,引導學生體會文字的意義,并嘗試寫出來。教師抓住小學生喜歡猜測的心理特點,積極調動學生已有的語言知識,幫助學生在“就近發展區”進行語言使用遷移,激起學生推斷與表達的欲望,激活學生閱讀和寫作的思維意識。借助故事閱讀的圖片信息,學生書寫的簡短對話內容符合圖意。
教學內容:冀教版小學英語四年級上冊UNIT 2 At Home,復習課Again,Please!教材內練習Look and write

T:Let’s read the phrases together.Can you read them?
Ss:Yes.fly a kite,draw a picture,play catch...
T:Good.Look at the pictures from 1 to 6.Please choose the correct phrases and write them on the lines.
...
學生通過此項練習提供的圖片進一步鞏固所學的動詞短語。這種書寫的練習雖有別于抄寫,卻仍缺乏建構整體信息的語境,學生未能得到針對目標語言的遷移使用。教學中,教師要借助教材插圖這一媒介,指導學生從仿寫開始,從寫一句話到寫幾句話,通過練習不斷提高寫作能力。
T:Look,there are some pictures.Let’s talk about them.Please ask and answer in pairs.First,it’s Picture1.
S1:What do you do in the evening?
S2:In the evening,I draw a picture.
T:What about Picture2?
…
T:Now I will put these pictures in my or?der.And I write about“My Sunday”.Can you read it with me?
Ss:Yes.
(Then the students read the paragraph“My Sunday”together.)

教師先帶領學生完成教材內練習,然后借助該練習題的圖片設計出新的訓練題型,并為學生提供范文,把本單元的幾個分話題加以整合,將零散的目標語言系統化,突出單元話題“At home”居家活動這一主題。閱讀范文后,教師鼓勵學生按個人意愿為圖片自由排序,安排屬于自己的Sunday時間與居家活動,從而組織學生以“My Sunday”為題看圖寫話。教師借助教材插圖,從目標語言的識別、記憶,再到范文仿寫,練習設計有梯度,為學生的語言表達提供腳手架,既激發了學生書面表達的熱情,又潛移默化地培養了學生的寫作能力。
教學內容:冀教版小學英語六年級上冊Les?son 13 seasons,課堂教學的寫作指導環節
T:Boys and girls,Let’s make a summa?ry.What do we learn today?
Ss:There are four seasons in a year.
T:Yes.What are they?
Ss:They are winter,spring,summer and autumn.
T:What season do you like best?
...
T:OK.Now write down your favourite sea?son on your exercise,please.
本課涉及seasons的話題較多,課堂教學從聽說直接過渡到英語作文的書寫,學生思路尚不清晰,很難在課堂上完成寫作練筆,此項教學任務只能留作課后作業完成,因此,教師未能實現課上指導寫作的教學目標。怎么避免課堂教學耗時低效,如何幫助學生建構寫作框架呢?
T:Boys and girls,What do we learn today?
Ss:There are four seasons in a year.
T:Look!This is a mind map of seasons.Please read the text again,and finish the mind map by yourself.
...
T:Good job!My favourite season is sum?mer.Summer is...(Point to the mind map and introduce the teacher’s favourite season.)Now write about your favourite season,please.
...
思維導圖如下,空格處由學生按照示范自主填寫:

教師為學生提供的思維導圖從seasons中心主題出發,由圖形標識和關鍵詞分支,將每個季節所涉及的天氣、景物和服裝話題涵蓋其中,將其放射性思維過程和結果變成可視化的圖表,一目了然地表現出了關鍵詞和主題的層次關系,既有分支又有關聯,清晰地表現出語言邏輯關系。教師借助思維導圖,幫助學生構建表達框架和語言邏輯,為學生提供語言和思維的腳手架,學生的語言輸出更加自然、順暢。
英語寫作是小學英語教學的重要內容之一,也是學生語言綜合運用能力的集中體現。在教學中,教師要深入拓展文本,創設情境,引導學生有意識地加強由口語表達到書面表達的轉化,增強自主表達意識,不斷提高語言綜合運用能力。