業界先驅與藏書界魁首

陳富強

作為藏書家的丁丙，他的“八千卷樓”與他搶救的《四庫全書》，跟龐元濟創辦杭州世經繅絲廠用動力發電照明一樣，有異曲同工之妙。電能結束了浙江幾千年手工織布的歷史，而浩如煙海的煌煌藏書，也以不朽典籍散發的燦爛文明之光，照亮千年長夜。

1882年，中國第一盞電燈在上海亮起，開啟了中國電力事業。在浙江，有電的時間是在1896年，顯然要稍晚一些。

但我在整理浙江電力工業史時，卻發現一個十分獨特的現象：包括上海在內的國內其他地區有電，大多是租界內先有電，而發電廠或發電設備的投資者通常是外國人。民族資本在最初的電力創辦者清單中卻廖廖無幾，而非實業家辦電者，則更是鳳毛麟角。然而，浙江的電力先驅，不僅利用的是民族資本，而且，主要的投資者還是一位藏書家。這在晚清的中國可謂獨一無二。

龐氏家族用電照亮藏書樓

京杭大運河南端終點，是杭州城北的拱墅區，那兒有一個明顯的地理標志：拱宸橋。這座始建于明崇禎四年的石拱橋，算起來已經有130多年的歷史。以拱宸橋為中心向周邊輻射，是清末尤其是民國時期浙江工商業較為集中而發達的地區，一批在浙江工業史上留下名字的大型企業，都曾將這里作為自己的發源地。其中，也包括杭州世經繅絲廠。1896年8月15日，一家頗具規模的繅絲廠出現在拱宸橋畔的如意里，所用直繅式繅絲車逾200臺，采自上海摩宜篤公司。這家廠生產的“西泠牌”生絲，一度成為江南一帶的暢銷品。本來，在絲綢之府的杭州，出現這樣一家絲廠并不是新鮮事，但之所以令當時的杭州工商企業界津津樂道，是世經繅絲廠安裝了自備發電機，第一次在浙江境內首創夜班照明。這也是迄今為止浙江有電的開始。

杭州世經繅絲廠的投資者，一位叫龐元濟，還有一位叫丁丙。我在追溯這兩位投資人的身世時，就發現他們對于電力的情懷似乎非一般企業家可比。而且他們都與中國著名的藏書樓結下不解之緣。

龐元濟是湖州南潯人。在歷史上，南潯素有“四象八牛七十二金黃狗”的說法。簡單理解，“象”是南潯頂級富豪，南潯四象，每家財產都在1000萬兩以上，其中以劉鏞家族財產為最，達2000萬兩。龐家也和張、顧兩大家族一起，列四象之一。可見，龐家在南潯也是豪門世家。通常，張家的張靜江，因為與孫中山先生的特殊關系，在近現代史上地位顯赫。相反，龐元濟家族的名聲卻要稍低。歷經歲月磨難，劉鏞家族的小蓮莊、張石銘家族的舊宅，基本保存完好，唯獨龐家的祖屋，除了宅基地，地上建筑幾乎毀壞十之八九。

事實上，龐元濟是民國以來最為著名的古畫收藏家，有“收藏甲東南”之譽。龐元濟收藏的眼光素為收藏家所稱道。收藏于南京博物院的《富春大嶺圖》是元代黃公望的代表作之一。當年，龐元濟購買時，被所有行家詬病為贗品，結果被龐氏以6000美元的撿漏價收藏，足見龐元濟鑒定古畫的眼力超群。或許，正是因為龐元濟在古書畫收藏界的獨特才能，他在創辦實業方面也是眼界開闊，眼光獨到。1918年，龐元濟發起組建“潯震電燈有限公司”。這是南潯最早的電燈公司，為包括嘉業堂藏書樓在內的“四象八牛七十二金黃狗”，以及普通南潯民眾提供照明。龐元濟在實業領域眼光之獨特，從創辦潯震電燈公司中可見一斑。

我在嘉業堂藏書樓見到了龐元濟創辦的潯震電燈公司的痕跡。我進入藏書樓，在清帝溥儀所贈“欽若嘉業”九龍金匾及“嘉業堂藏書樓”匾之間，見一懸掛的吊燈，為五頭燈具，燈罩卷邊，呈波浪型。即使以現在的審美眼光來看，這盞吊燈也依舊十分耐看。藏書樓建成于1924年，此時，南潯已通電，這盞吊燈所裝的五盞白熾燈有足夠的亮度，能照亮藏書樓的廳堂與書房。

我能夠想象，當暮色蒼茫，南潯小鎮在夜色里漸漸沉睡，而嘉業堂藏書樓卻燈火通明。那些藏書里的靈魂和光芒，從書柜里散漫而出，與燈光一起，徹夜長談。

龐元濟創辦潯震電燈公司，要晚于他在杭州投資的世經繅絲廠，但繅絲廠在浙江率先用上電，讓龐元濟嘗到甜頭。所以，對于電力在晚清和民國初期的湖州地區普遍應用，我一點也不感到驚訝。

丁氏家族亂世救書建八千卷樓

我也好奇龐元濟的合作者丁丙。發現丁氏家族在杭州聲名顯赫，是藏書世家。丁家的產業現在還有。在浙江大學醫學院附屬第一醫院，至今還有丁家的一座藏書樓，典型的清末民國風格的建筑，現在里面開了一家民營書店，也算延續了丁家的藏書遺風。

丁丙在和龐元濟一起創辦世經繅絲廠之前，有過一段令人敬畏的經歷。

“閣在孤山之陽，左為白堤，右為西泠橋，地勢高敞，攬西湖全勝。外為垂花門，門內為大廳，廳后為大池，池中一峰獨聳，名‘仙人峰。東為御碑亭，西為游廊，中為文瀾閣。”這段描述說的是杭州文瀾閣，是清代為珍藏《四庫全書》而建的七大藏書閣之一，也是“江浙三閣”中唯一幸存的一閣。

丁丙與兄長丁申，號稱“雙丁”，是杭州頗有名望的藏書家和金石學家，兄弟倆撰有《武林藏書錄》三卷。有關丁氏兄弟，在杭州有一個流傳最廣也頗富傳奇的典故，就是他們和文瀾閣《四庫全書》的故事。我一直認為，從丁氏家族的家風來看，這個典故的可信度很高。

丁丙的祖先，為守護“八千卷樓”，可謂嘔心瀝血。“八千卷樓”的來歷，始于北宋著名藏書家丁顗，他搜集圖書八千卷，筑大室以藏之，題藏書之所稱“八千卷樓”。到了丁丙的祖父丁國典手上，買賣做得很紅火，漸漸成為杭州的富戶大家。丁國典以藏書為樂，尤喜治諸子百家，為發揚祖宗遺志，在杭州梅東建樓儲書，并請名士梁同書題名“八千卷樓”。而丁丙父親丁英，則在繼承其父所遺之“八千卷樓”基礎上，又廣購藏書至幾萬卷。

《四庫全書》成書后，分藏于“北四閣”與“江浙三閣”。然而沒有想到，僅僅過了70多年，咸豐十一年，“江浙三閣”中的最后一座，也就是位于杭州西湖孤山的文瀾閣，在太平軍李秀成攻破杭州后也遭到了焚毀，《四庫全書》散佚殆盡。

當時，丁丙與丁申正在杭州西郊留下鎮避難。一日，丁丙上街買早點，不經意間瞥了下手上包裹早點的紙，大驚失色：竟然是四庫全書的散頁。丁丙忙問攤主，攤主拿出手邊那本隨手撕扯的書本，正是文瀾閣館藏《四庫全書》之一種。震驚之余，丁丙開始追索書的來源，丁氏兄弟于是開始了從攤市、廢墟中尋覓收購、抄補的歷程。

一方面，丁丙不動聲色地以收廢紙為名，騙過太平軍，搜集鎮子里散失的《四庫全書》;另一方面，據記載，他招呼幾位膽大的壯士，借著夜色潛入文瀾閣，搜集幸存的書冊加以集中，運到上海、舟山等地寄存。最終，丁氏兄弟收集到8000余冊文瀾閣《四庫全書》，計3396種，大約是全書的1/4。直到同治三年，書才被運回杭州。光緒六年，浙江巡撫譚鐘麟重建文瀾閣，次年落成。丁氏兄弟極力搜訪殘籍，出其家藏圖書，又抄“天一閣”“抱經樓”“振綺堂”“壽松堂”等藏家之書，歷時7年之久，得書籍每捆高二尺一束，共得800束、3396種，抄補殘缺者891種，使“文瀾閣”之《四庫全書》恢復十得七八。由此，獲光緒帝頒旨表彰，褒獎其“購求藏庋，漸復舊觀，洵足嘉惠藝林”。至光緒十四年，文瀾閣《四庫全書》基本恢復原貌。

后來，杭州慶春路整治工程中，為了紀念丁氏兄弟，在菜市橋橋頭立了丁氏兄弟的銅像，并留下一方銘牌：“亂世救書，功德常存。”

我去慶春路上浙大一院內的丁家藏書樓時，專門去拜謁了丁氏兄弟的銅像。浙大一院內的丁家藏書樓建于清末年間，有“小八千卷樓”之稱，是丁丙在田家園內所建三座藏書樓之一。書樓建成，圖書入藏，一切安妥后，丁丙寫下《八千卷樓自記》一文告誡后輩：“吾祖吾父之志，吾兄未竟之事，吾勉成之，小子識之。”當時丁氏藏書已多達20萬卷，書樓成為“晚清四大私人藏書樓”之一。所謂“晚清四大私人藏書樓”，是指杭州丁氏八千卷樓與常熟瞿氏鐵琴銅劍樓、山東聊城楊氏“海源閣”、浙江湖州歸安陸氏“皕宋樓”。

在我看來，作為藏書家的丁丙，他的“八千卷樓”與他搶救的《四庫全書》，跟龐元濟創辦杭州世經繅絲廠用動力發電照明一樣，有異曲同工之妙。電能結束了浙江幾千年手工織布的歷史，而浩如煙海的煌煌藏書，也以不朽典籍散發的燦爛文明之光，照亮千年長夜。

Two Collectors Introduced Electricity to Hangzhou

By Chen Fuqiang

Chinas first electric lamp was lit in Shanghai in 1882. The first time Zhejiang used electricity was in 1896. While I was examining the timeline of power supply in the province， I noticed something quite interesting. The power systems in Shanghai and other parts of China were almost all designed and built up by foreigners. Take Shanghai for instance. Concessions were the first users of electricity. In contrast， Zhejiangs first electricity supply system was set up by two industrialists who were respectively art and book collectors.

The riverside region on the both sides of the Gongchen Bridge， which is at the southern end of the Grand Canal of China， was home to many textile factories from the last years of the Qing Dynasty （1644-1911） up to the last two decades of the 20th century. On August 15， 1896， a silk reeling factory operated by the Pang Yuanji and Ding Bing in Hangzhou was the first industrial facility in the bridge region that used electricity. The workshops in the factory were lit so that night-shift workers could carry the work into deep night. The silk reeling business， equipped with over 200 silk reeling machines and a lighting system， caused a stir in the industry. The investment into the silk reeling factorys lighting system was made by Pang Yuanji （1864-1949） and Ding Bing （1832-1899）.

Pang was from Nanxun， a canal town in the heart of northern Zhejiang. Close to Shanghai， the town thrived as a powerhouse of silk export to international markets. The rich silk tycoons of the town were referred to as “four elephants， eight buffalos and 72 gold dogs. Pangs father was one of the “elephants”， namely one of the richest four tycoons. These families built grand garden houses in Nanxun. Some of these houses have remained and some have disappeared. Pangs grand house is one of the latter. More than 20 years after he and his business partner built a lighting system in the factory， Pang started a electric lamp joint venture which provided his hometown with a complete lighting system. Today， tourists can see lamps and chandeliers in some best garden houses that have remained. Jiayelou， a library built by the richest man named Liu Yong in Nanxun， was connected to the towns power grid.

Pang Yuanji was a connoisseur. His art collection was so huge and precious that some considered him Chinas best known art collector of his time. The collection comprised bronze， porcelain， and jade artifacts in general and thousands of masterpieces of painting and calligraphy in particular. After the founding of Peoples Republic of China in 1949， he donated the art collection to the state.

Ding Bing， Pangs business partner of the electricity system of the factory at the Gongchen Bridge， was a celebrated bibliophile. When the soldiers of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom seized and ransacked Hangzhou in 1861， the Wenlange Library in Hangzhou which housed a complete copy of the compiled in 1792 under the decree of Emperor Qianlong was also ransacked by the rebels. A collector of books， Ding noticed some street vendors use pages from books of the imperial library in Hangzhou to wrap up goods they sold. To his alarm， he deduced what happened. He and his younger brother Ding Shen took action immediately. They sent people out to buy back all the books looted from the library. One night he went back to the library on the West Lake. After the investigation， the Ding brothers launched a rescue action. Altogether they were able to rescue over 8，000 volumes of the library and rush them to safe houses in Shanghai and Zhoushan archipelago. The books they rescued accounted for about a quarter of the original collection and were in 3396 titles. It was not until in 1865 that all the rescued books were transported back to Hangzhou. In 1880， the Wenlange Library was restored. Ding Bing funded a project to restore the complete copy of the . In 1888， the copy project was essentially completed.

Today a bronze sculpture in Hangzhou memorializes and honors the Ding brothers for their epic rescue project. Of the three private libraries Ding Bing built in a compound which is now part of a hospital in downtown Hangzhou， one is completely restored. The three libraries had a combined collection of 200，000 books. The Dings book collection was one of the greatest in the country of his time.