環境、激進主義與設計：黎巴嫩的新興實踐

卡拉·阿拉莫尼/Carla Aramouny

龐凌波 譯/Translatedy by PANG Lingbo

“建筑學與所有設計行業正在發生一場既主動又被動的重大變革：主動尋求發揮更重要的作用，被動響應世界正面臨的人道主義與環境危機?！盵1]8

2019 年10 月，這是非比尋常的一個月，黎巴嫩爆發大規模示威活動，以反對近幾十年來的腐敗和公共資金管理不善。迫在眉睫的經濟崩盤、大規模具毀滅性的森林大火，以及新一輪征稅，是刺激這場大規?？棺h的主要原因[2]。在這場民眾示威中，藝術家、設計師、建筑師、城市規劃師和教育工作者等紛紛呼吁國家進行必要的改革，他們對由于腐敗而導致的對自然和建設環境產生直接改變的體制感到憤怒。不過在設計領域里，這樣的激進主義并非這場沖突的產物。近些年來，在這樣一個經濟停滯、社會與環境惡劣到達前所未有的程度的國家，激進主義設計一直位于當地設計學科中心，設計師與建筑師將創造改變的可能性寄托在倡議這樣一種必要的機制上。無論是個人層面、實踐層面或是學術層面，幾項舉措在近期已經強有力地將設計師轉變為活躍的中間人，將他們所扮演的角色擴展到了直接學科之外，以在更廣泛的社會和環境層面發揮干預作用。

全球建筑話語的轉變

橫覽全球，當前建筑修辭和話語的轉變，已然清晰地將環境與地球的未來與日益嚴重的氣候危機置于緊迫的辯論議題和設計構想中心。人們對建筑及其對環境影響的關注日益強烈，尤其是對建筑環境對自然資源的巨大影響的關注，早已超越建筑本身的范圍，擴大到更大的城市和版圖范疇。

從2019 米蘭三年展[3]、2020 威尼斯雙年展1）到2019 沙迦三年展2）[4]，建筑領域究竟對我們的環境，以及對未來幾代人的前景帶來怎樣的影響，這樣的問題在這些近期重要的建筑大會與平臺上成為了核心關注點。借助2019 年沙迦建筑三年展“未來世代的權利”，阿德里安·拉胡德3）探索了建筑對于人類和自然環境的擴展含義，將未來幾代人的權益延伸到更大的自然與環境權利框架上，而不僅拘泥于遮蔽物這一限定。通過三年展，拉胡德動員建筑師、表演者、社會活動家以及其他人參與到對人類和自然環境各種未知的交叉點的思考當中，激發可能的未來。眼下2020 威尼斯建筑雙年展即將啟動，策展人哈希姆·薩爾基斯4）提出“我們將如何共同生活？”這一問題，將其置于對人類未來重要的重新評估框架之中，置于拋卻多年來對地球的忽視與社會的冷漠的集體訴求之中。威尼斯雙年展重新將社會公平與環境保護的緊迫性問題視為建筑學領域迫切關切的問題核心，推動建筑師的角色發生有效變化。

幾十年來，另一種獨特的全球激進主義設計形式則是通過直接的社區參與和設計-建造項目實現的。托馬斯·費舍爾在他2008 年出版的《擴展建筑：作為激進主義的設計》一書的前言中對建筑師的角色進行了必要的重新定位，在人道主義危機、氣候變化、難民洶涌和全球人口激增的情況下，建筑師應當更多地介入社區[1]9-13。他強調，建筑師必須從為少數人服務向普遍為社區和環境解決所面臨的必要和關鍵問題轉變。這一方法早在1999 年就被“為人的建筑”5）[5]采用，近期的代表則是Mass Design Group6），它憑借非盈利實踐將建筑置于以人為中心的框架中，以滿足災后和武裝沖突地區迫切的社會需求。

除國際論壇和直接的社區參與之外，新興的調研式設計的研究和倡導透過“法證建筑”7）[6]和“在地研究”8）等的實踐，帶來了建筑師作為重要調查員的可能性，通過設計與研究探詢必要的政治和環境公平。法證建筑利用建筑和可視化作為工具爭取社會與環境公平，以探究性研究方法和對環境的取證，揭示數據和調查結果。建筑師作為活動家的這種以實踐為基礎的角色，進一步地拓寬了建筑和城市運作的框架，使其向空間沖突和司法公正的方向發展。

激進主義與環境的地方形式

在黎巴嫩一個更局部的層面上，設計、建筑以及城市媒介的激進主義一直以來都持續地對更大的社會政治和環境問題產生影響，這是由無能的政權體系和其對環境缺乏可行的可持續愿景所導致的必然。莫娜·哈爾卜[7]指出了在黎巴嫩的近代史上兩代主要的城市活動家的崛起，在這段歷史中，抹殺了貝魯特公共空間的戰后重建策略，以及在一些大學中新興的城市項目共同促成了這一趨勢。年輕一代利用他們的設計和城市背景來建立聯盟、進行非盈利行動，直接帶來了近期的變化。

2016 年在貝魯特，一些獨立學者、建筑師、工程師、社會活動家成立了一個名為“我的城市貝魯特”的聯盟[8]，參與市政選舉。他們提出了一個恢復市政職責、采取全市發展策略的計劃，獲得了前所未有的支持。他們對貝魯特的愿景超越了領土政治和黨派分歧，而是集中在這一以人民為中心的市政項目上，促成包容、可持續的生活和健康的環境。盡管他們在與老牌政黨的競爭中以微弱的劣勢落敗，但他們所創造的變革的運動和精神直到今天仍能夠體現在幾位當地的建筑師和城市專家——既有實踐者，也有教育家——的工作中。這次競選所帶來的結果是對建筑師/城市規劃專家/工程師作為活動家——作為一種有能力對變革產生直接影響且積極參與對建成和自然環境產生影響的決策的專業人士的驗證。

1 創造性共享平臺Platau，SBAU 2019/Platau, Creative Collectives, SBAU 2019（繪圖/Visual: Platau）

Architecture and all the design professions are undergoing a major transformation that is both proactive and reactive: proactive as a search for roles with greater relevance, and reactive as a response to the humanitarian and environmental crises facing the world[1]8.

The month of October 2019 was no ordinary month.Mass demonstrations rose in Lebanon against decades of corruption and mismanagement of public funds.A looming economic crash, large-scale devastating forest fires, and new imposed taxations, were at the heart of the instigation of this massive revolt[2].In this popular uprising, artists, designers, architects,urbanists, and educators, were among the crowd calling for a needed change in the country, exasperated by a system that has directly altered the natural and built environments through corrupt strategies.However,such activism within the design spheres was hardly an outcome of this revolt.In recent years, design activism has been at the heart of the local discipline, where designers and architects have resorted to advocacy as the necessary agency to create change, in a country where the unprecedented level of economic stagnation, social and environmental deterioration, has reached its worst.Several initiatives whether at a personal level, a practice level, or an academic level, have lately grown strongly turning designers into active agents, expanding their roles beyond the bounds of their immediate disciplines to intervene at wider social and environmental levels.

Global Shifts in Architectural Discourse

On a global scale, current shifts in architecture rhetoric and discourse have clearly placed the future of the environment and planet at large with its multiplying climate crisis, at the heart of urgent debates and design speculation.The concern for architecture and its impact on the environment has been increasingly gaining momentum, especially concerning the greater impact of the built environment on our natural resources, going beyond the limits of the building itself to the larger urban and territorial scales.

In recent key architecture conferences and platforms from the 2019 Milano Triennale[3], 2020 Venice Biennale1）,and the 2019 Sharjah Triennale2）[4], the question of the architecture field's impact on our environment and the future prospects for coming generations have been proposed as essential concerns.Through the 2019 Sharjah Architecture Triennale "Rights of Future Generations", Adrian Lahoud3）explores the expanded implication of architecture on the human and natural environments, extending the claims of the coming generations beyond the bounds of shelter to the larger frame of natural and environmental rights.Through the Triennale, he engages architects,performers, activists, and others, in reflections on the various uncharted intersections of human and natural environments, provoking possible alternate futures.Today as the Venice 2020 Architecture Biennale is underway, curator Hashim Sarkis4）poses the question of "How Will We Live Together", framing it within a crucial re-evaluation of the future of humanity and the collective desire to retract years of planetary neglect and social indifference.The biennale re-centres the question of social equality and environmental urgency at the heart of the field's urgent calling, pushing the role of the architect towards effective change.

Another distinctive global form of activism in design has been, for several decades, happening through direct community engagement and design-build projects.In his foreword to the 2008 book Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, Thomas Fisher[1]9-13frames a necessary repositioning of the role of the architect towards more community engagement amidst growing humanitarian crises, climate change, refugee influx,and rising global population.He stresses that architects must shift from serving the minority to engage with necessary and critical problems facing the community and the environment at large.This approach, adopted by practices like Architecture for Humanity5）[5]from as early as 1999, and more recently by Mass Design Group6）,places architecture in a human-centred framework through non-profit practices that address urgent social needs in post-disaster and conflict areas.

Further to global forums and direct community engagement, the emergence of investigative design research and advocacy,through practices like Forensic Architecture7）[6]and Situ Research8）, has created the possibility of the architect as critical investigator, probing necessary political and environmental justices through design and research.Forensic Architecture uses architecture and visualisation as tools to fight for social and environmental justice, revealing data and findings through their inquisitive research methods and the forensics of context.This type of practice-based role of the architect as activist has expanded further the frame of architectural and urban operations towards spatial conflicts and judicial justice.

Local Forms of Activism and the Environment

On a more local level in Lebanon, activism through design, architecture, and urban mediums,has been consistently growing to impact larger sociopolitical and environmental problematics, necessitated by the inept political system and its lack of a viable sustainable vision for the environment.Mona Harb[7]notes the rise of two main generations of urban activists in the country's recent history, exacerbated by post-war reconstruction strategies that effaced the public domain of Beirut, and fueled by emerging urban programmes in several universities.The younger generation utilised their design and urban backgrounds to establish coalitions and non-profit initiatives that have directly impacted recent change.

In 2016 in Beirut, a group of independent academics, architects, engineers, and activists,formed a coalition[8]running for municipal elections by the name of Beirut Madinati, gathering around them unprecedented support with a programme to rejuvenate municipal duties and adopt city-wide development strategies.Their vision for Beirut transcended territorial politics and sectarian divides to focus instead on a people-centred municipal programme that promotes inclusion, sustainable living, and a healthy environment.Despite their loss by a relatively small margin against established political parties, the movement and spirit for change they created has resounded till today in the work of several local architects and urbanists, both practitioners and educators.What emerged as a result of this campaign is the validation of the role of the architect/urbanist/engineer as activist, as an engaged professional capable of directly impacting change and actively participating in decisions affecting the built and natural environments.

2 黎巴嫩館，哈拉·尤恩斯/Hala Younes, Lebanese Pavilion（攝影/Photo: @Venice Documentation Project 2018）

3.4 催化行動，包容性公共空間/Catalytic Action, Inclusive public spaces（攝影/Photos: Catalytic Action）

在建筑和城市設計圈內同樣也興起了激進主義運動，他們反對有爭議和有破壞性的項目。諸如保護達莉亞沿海地區9）、反對阿什拉菲耶興建福阿德·布特羅斯高速路10），以及近期拯救比斯里峽谷11）等運動，成功地引發了公眾關注，阻止或延遲了項目計劃，而且更重要的是，積極地介入了討論和提議更加可行、合理的選擇。隨后還舉辦了幾場設計競賽，邀請當地設計師參與重新設計這些有爭議的內容，以實現更具包容性和更可持續的目標。

新興設計實踐

在與全球設計話語轉變的對話中，這些不同的舉措已然為黎巴嫩的設計激進主義做好了鋪墊，使其進一步趨近設計學科與實踐的核心地位。這使設計師能夠通過一系列新興的設計倡導模式，諸如推測性提案、直接的社區介入、批判性研究與調查等，積極地參與變革，能夠利用他們的工具、技能和權力。他們倡導圍繞著自然與建筑環境為中心的多種事業，例如遺產保護、建筑法改革、為城市與清潔環境的權利而斗爭。這些努力推動者建筑師與城市學家承擔更大的責任，以影響社會與環境變革。

盡管不是直接的激進主義運動，一些建筑師訴諸預測未來的倡議與全球平臺的參與，以闡明關鍵的地方城市或環境問題，提出其他的可能性。由桑德拉·弗雷姆和布洛斯·杜埃希創立的Platau 平臺12），通過重新激活現有的開放空間作為新興區域周邊的節點，對貝魯特新興的創造性共享平臺的潛能進行了仔細考察（圖1）。他們的工作在貝魯特參加2019 首爾建筑與城市雙年展（SBAU）的城市展覽板塊時的研究與視覺化過程中得到了發展。他們的方案強調城市策略與建筑干預，通過激活可用的開放空間來加強這種集體平臺的發展。

另一全球論壇上，哈拉·尤恩斯批判性地展現了黎巴嫩自然地形的遺存，將其作為一種必要的、有價值的、對建筑環境的戰略性重新設計有需求的資源[9]14-15。這一策展作品在2018 威尼斯國際建筑雙年展期間為黎巴嫩館所設計，它強調了剩余土地的脆弱和可能資源的稀缺，意圖識別潛在空間，以重新思考土地的未來。這個藝術裝置（圖2）包含了貝魯特河盆地的中心物理模型，以及展示其隨時間形態變遷的投影視覺效果。這個廣為流傳的作品在雙年展這一全球平臺上使當地土地流失的危機得到了集中討論。

更直接的倡導模式包括設計師采用非盈利組織的框架，直接參與社區，并為重要的社會問題開發具有影響力的項目。Warchee 工作營這一由建筑師阿納斯塔西婭·魯斯與米歇爾·拉魯-查理成立的非盈利組織，其使命即通過培訓不同建筑技能和專業方向的女性，加強建筑行業的性別平等13）。作為魯斯建筑實踐的平行實體，Warchee 致力于為黎巴嫩的女性賦能，通過實地訓練基地和可變制造中心，使她們成為建筑行業的有效參與者。

“催化行動”，由喬安娜·達巴杰和里卡多·盧卡·孔蒂成立的往返于倫敦和貝魯特兩地的非盈利組織，聚焦在高危和高需求地區提高生活環境品質。他們介入黎巴嫩境內外一些難民營，為它們設計和建造教育與游樂設施。他們在黎巴嫩不同地區的游樂園項目（圖3、4）為貧困社區的孩子們提供重要的社交和娛樂空間。通過他們的努力，催化行動將設計作為一種賦權和參與的工具，超越了他們作為建筑師的角色，走向直接的行動主義，帶有必要的社會影響力。

依托于調查研究與視覺化，“公共工程”14）著手于國內緊迫的城市與環境領域，將其作為直接行動的模式，試圖揭示未知和關鍵的事實來引發關注、傳播知識。他們對切卡高原和水泥廠的調查，對祖克·莫斯比發電廠對社區健康影響的調查，以及對近期住宅空間不平等的調查，引發了人們對這些問題的廣泛關注。他們的工作還引入了設計競賽（圖5），讓更廣泛的建筑與城市社區向有彈性的、靈敏的方向發展，例如他們的“Think Housing”競賽，推動了黎巴嫩經濟適用房這一重要戰略的出現。

5 Public Works的Beyond Cement競賽/Public Works, Beyond Cement competition（攝影/Photo: Public Works）

Activist campaigns have also emerged from within the architecture and urban circles, rising against controversial and devastating projects.Campaigns such as the protection of the coastal area of Dalieh9）,the campaign against the Fouad Boutros highway in Achrafieh10）and more recently the Save the Bisri Valley11）, among many others, succeeded in raising public awareness, halting or delaying the planned projects, and more importantly, actively engaging in debates and proposals for more viable and equitable alternatives.Several design competitions were also subsequently launched inviting local designers to take part in reimagining these controversial contexts towards more inclusive and sustainable goals.

Emerging Design Practices

In dialogue with the global shifts in design discourse, these different initiatives have been paving the way for design activism in Lebanon to become further situated in core design disciplines and practice-based endeavors.They are allowing designers to actively engage in change and to utilise their tools, skills, and powers through a range of emerging design advocacy modes, from speculative proposals, direct community interventions, to critical research and investigation.They advocate different causes centred around the natural and built environments, such as heritage preservation,reforming the building law, fighting for rights to the city and to a clean environment.These endeavors are pushing architects and urbanists to take up more substantial responsibilities to impact social and environmental change through their agency.

Although not direct acts of activism, some architects have resorted to speculative advocacy and engagement in global platforms to shed light on key local urban or environmental issues and to propose alternate possibilities.Platau12）, founded by Sandra Frem and Boulos Douaihy, reflected on the potential of creative collective hubs to emerge in Beirut, through re-activating available open spaces as nodes around currently emerging areas(Fig.1).Their work was developed through research and visualisation for the Beirut participation in the 2019 Seoul Biennale for Architecture and Urbanism (SBAU) within its Cities Exhibition component.Their proposal emphasised on urban strategies and architectural interventions that can be adopted to augment the development of such collective hubs by activating available public lots.

In another global forum, Hala Younes[9]14-15critically exposed the remains of the Lebanese natural terrain, framing it as a necessarily valuable resource requiring a strategic reimagining of the built environment.The curatorial work was developed for the Lebanese Pavilion during the 2018 Venice Architecture Biennale and highlighted the fragility of the remaining territory and the scarcity of possible resources, attempting to identify potential spaces to rethink the future of the terrain.The installation(Fig.2) included a central physical model of the Beirut river basin, with projected visuals displaying its morphosis through time.The highly published work centred the debate on the criticality of the local terrain from the Biennale's global platform.

A more direct mode of advocacy includes designers adopting the framework of non-profit organisations to directly engage with the community and develop impactful projects for crucial social causes.The mission of Warchee13）, a non-profit founded by architect Anastasia el Rouss with Michelle Larue-Charlue, is to enforce gender equity in the construction field, by training women in different construction skill sets and trades.As a parallel entity to El Rouss's architecture practice, Warchee works on enabling Lebanese women to be effective participants in the construction industry through on site-training stations and mobile fabrication hubs.

Catalytic Action, a non-profit founded by Joana Dabaj and Riccardo Luca Conti between London and Beirut, focuses on impacting the quality of the living environment in areas of high risk and need.Their interventions have been developed for several refugee camps in Lebanon and beyond, through designing and building educational and playground facilities.Their playground projects (Fig.3,4) in different areas in Lebanon provide children in underprivileged communities with vital social and recreational spaces.Through their work, Catalytic Action uses design as an empowering and participatory tool, transcending their role as architects towards direct activism and necessary social impact.

Embedded in investigative research and visualisation as modes of direct activism, Public Works14）tackles urgent urban and environmental areas in the country, shedding light on uncharted and critical realities to raise awareness and disseminate infor med knowledge.T heir investigations of the Chekka plateau and cement plants, the Zouk Mosbeh powerplant's impact on the community's health, and more recently spatial inequalities in residential spaces, have initiated key awareness on these issues.Their work also introduced design competitions (Fig.5) to engage the larger architecture and urban community towards the development of resilient and sensitive proposals, such as their 'Think Housing' competition that pushed for critical strategies to affordable housing in Lebanon.

Equally, the work of Antoine Atallah, architect and urbanist, utilises research and mapping as means to highlight profound changes affecting urban spaces in Beirut and the larger Lebanese territory.His critical analysis of Beirut's spatial transformation from the early 20th century till today, through aerials, cadastral maps, and panoramic imagery,has created a powerful visual interpretation of the radical changes that have drastically reshaped the urban fabric (Fig.6).Atallah has also played a crucial role as member in the Save Beirut Heritage NGO and the campaign to stop the aforementioned Fouad Boutros Highway, through his research and mappings of the neighbourhood's characteristics,the highway's expected devastating impact on local heritage, and of possible alternatives.

Practice-Based Engagement: The Case of AUB

Intersecting design research and activism have embedded into academic institutions, and prominently so at the American University of Beirut(AUB).Initiatives such as BePublic and Di-Lab at the Department of Architecture and Design15）have transposed into academic circles different approaches to community-based and public interest design.Physical interventions, sometimes in the form of reflective installations and more often as operative built structures, allow faculty and students to engage actively in their local context and in areas of critical need.

BePublic, initiated by Rana Haddad, uses the design studio as a platform to intervene with students on various urban conditions and reflect on public space and civic rights in Beirut.Through temporary design installations, BePublic's work provokes the city dweller to engage with the designer and to look beyond the obvious, raising awareness on socio-political issues impacting their environment.In "Radio Silence" (Fig.7,8) the project inserts a see-saw installation on a previously closed-off public park's gate, challenging the imposed division between two user communities.

Founded by Karim Najjar, Di-Lab works on turning public interest design into an action-based process, working with students, municipalities,and the community at large to identify and build needed sustainable structures.The focus is towards emergency and post- disaster interventions that use a participatory design-build process and integrate sustainable materials and local know-how.The Bar Elias playground and canopy (Fig.9,10) shown here,help provide a needed space and shaded area in a school for Syrian refugees in the Bekaa valley, while integrating local recycled materials.

7.8Radio Silence 的BePublic作品，2016/BePublic, Radio Silence, 2016（供圖/Courtesy of BePublic lab, 攝影/Photos:Mario Khoury）

同樣，建筑師與城市學家安托萬·阿塔拉的作品，利用研究和制圖手段，突出了對貝魯特甚至更大范圍的黎巴嫩領土內影響城市空間的深刻變化。他通過鳥瞰圖、地籍圖和全景圖，對貝魯特自20世紀早期至今的空間轉型進行了批判性分析，對徹底重塑城市結構的根本性變化進行了強有力的視覺闡釋（圖6）。阿塔拉作為成員還在“保護貝魯特遺產”這一非政府組織中起到了重要作用。他參與了上文曾提及的福阿德·布特羅斯高速公路停工運動，研究并針對周邊地區性質、高速公路預計將會給當地的遺產帶來的毀滅性影響以及可能的其他選擇進行了制圖。

基于實踐的參與：貝魯特美國大學案例

交叉學科的設計研究與激進主義也已深入學術機構，在貝魯特美國大學尤為突出。諸如建筑設計系的BePublic 和Di-Lab 等項目已進入學術領域15），通過不同方法進行基于社區和公共權益的設計。物理介入——有時是反思性裝置設計的形式，更經常的則是可操控的建構的形式——使得教師與學生能夠積極地參與到他們所處的環境中和那些有緊迫需求的區域里。

BePublic 由拉娜·哈達德發起，借助設計工作室為平臺與學生就貝魯特的多種城市現狀進行交流，并反思公共空間和公民權利。通過一些臨時性的裝置設計，BePublic 的作品激發城市居民加入設計師行列，突破表面現象，引發人們對影響他們環境的社會政治問題的關注。在“無線電靜默”（圖7、8）項目中，它在關閉的公園大門上插入了一個蹺蹺板裝置，挑戰了兩個社區之間強加的分隔。

Di-Lab 由卡里姆·納杰爾創立，致力于將公共利益設計變為一種以行動為基礎的過程，在此過程中，學生、市政當局以及整個社區共同合作，識別并建設必須的、可持續的構筑物。Di-Lab 關注緊急事件與災難之后的介入，采用參與式設計-建造過程，并整合可持續材料與地方工藝。這里展示的是巴爾·伊利亞斯風雨操場（圖9、10），為位于貝卡谷的一所敘利亞難民學校提供了必需的空間和蔭蔽的場地，并利用了當地的回收材料。

此外，由莫娜·法瓦茲、莫娜·哈伯、豪伊達·哈爾西與阿哈默德·加比幾位教授共同創立的貝魯特城市實驗室，一個新成立的研究中心，利用城市調查、策略設計、政策倡議為更大范圍的研究和實踐領域提供信息。該實驗室的目標始于城市活動家、設計師、變革者們的生態系統建立聯系，提供重要的城市信息的開放資源，來更廣泛地影響當地的這些領域。他們的合作拓寬到了多種專題，從城市政治、城市治理、強制搬遷到公共領域私有化，強化了對地圖和視覺化作為知識生產的實驗與分析工具的使用（圖11）。

結語

通過以上這些倡議行動、宣傳平臺和設計方法，黎巴嫩的建筑和城市領域已經轉向了積極的努力，創造了有意義和有成效的行動，以改善建筑和自然環境惡化的現實。設計師們已經承擔起責任，來喚起人們的關注，并為那些正在威脅城市、村鎮以及更大范圍的政策提供重要的替代方案。在一個人類不斷面臨著人道主義和環境危機的世界，黎巴嫩的情形映射出的是正處于變革的全球話語，越來越多的建筑師和設計師正在從服務少數特權階層，轉向去影響可能的全球轉型?！?/p>

9.10 巴爾·伊利亞斯風雨操場, Di-Lab/Bar Elias Playground,Di-Lab（攝影/Photos: Di-Lab / Karim Najjar）

11 建造許可分布圖，Beirut Urban Lab / Mapping building permits, Beirut Urban Lab（繪圖/Visual: Beirut Urban Lab）

Furthermore, the Beirut Urban Lab, a newly established research hub, co-founded by professors Mona Fawaz, Mona Harb, Howayda al Harithy and Ahmad Gharbieh, uses urban investigations,strategic design proposals, and policy advocacy,to inform the larger research and practice fields.The aim of the lab is to engage with the ecosystem of urban activists, designers, and change makers,and to provide open-source critical urban knowledge that can widely impact the local fields.Their collaborative work expands across multiple thematics ranging from urban politics, governance,forced displacement, and privatisation of public domain, and reinforces the use of mapping and visualisation as experimental and analytical tools for knowledge production (Fig.11).

Conclusion

As seen from these initiatives, advocacy platforms, and design approaches, both the architecture and urban fields in Lebanon have turned towards activist endeavors to create meaningful and effective actions to help improve the deteriorated realities of the built and natural environments.Designers have taken it upon themselves to raise awareness and provide critical alternatives to strategies that are endangering cities, towns, and the larger territory.In a world continuously confronting humanitarian and environmental crises, the local scene reflects a changing global discourse, where an increasing number of architects and designers are shifting away from serving the privileged few to affect a possible planetary transformation.□

注釋/Notes

1）詳見/2020 Venice Architecture Biennale: How Will We Live Together?, curated by Hashim Sarkis, https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/biennale-architettura-2020-how-will-we-live-together

2） 詳見/2019 Sharjah Architecture Triennale, Rights of Future Generations, curated by Adrian Lahoud,https://rfgen.net/en/page/theme.

3）生于黎巴嫩的建筑師和研究員阿德里安·拉胡德，目前擔任英國皇家藝術學院建筑學院的院長。/Adrian Lahoud, architect and researcher of Lebanese origin,currently serving as Dean of the School of Architecture at the Royal College of Art, UK.

4）哈希姆·薩爾基斯，黎巴嫩建筑師和教育家，目前擔任麻省理工學院建筑與規劃學院的院長。/Hashim Sarkis, Lebanese architect and educator,currently serving as Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

5）最具影響力的非盈利建筑實踐之一，成立于1999年，創始人卡梅隆·辛克萊和凱特·斯托爾。他們的工作方式和作品當時在Design Like You Give a Damn 發表，詳見參考文獻[5]。/One of the more influential non-profit architecture practices, founded in 1999 by Cameron Sinclair and Kate Stohr.Their approach and work were later published in Design Like You Give a Damn, see Reference [5].

6）由邁克爾·墨菲創立于美國波士頓，MASS Design Group 致力于幫助促進平等和社會公正的人道主義建筑項目。/Founded by Michael Murphy in Boston, USA,MASS Design Group works on humanitarian projects helping to promote equality and social justice through architecture.https://massdesigngroup.org/about

7）Forensic Architecture 是一個設立在倫敦大學的研究機構，由埃亞·魏茲曼創立。其作品關注“侵犯人權案件的進階空間和媒體調查，涉及并代表受到政治暴力、人權組織、國際起訴主體、環境公正團體及媒體組織影響的社區群體” /Forensic Architecture is a research agency based in the University of London and founded by Eyal Weizman.The work focuses on "advanced spatial and media investigations into cases of human rights violations,with and on behalf of communities affected by political violence, human rights organisations, international prosecutors, environmental justice groups, and media organisations." https://forensic-architecture.org/

8） Situ Research 是設立于紐約的實踐機構，與Situ Studio 為平行機構，是一家“致力于建筑、城市、政治和人權的交叉領域的跨領域應用研究分支機構”。/Situ Research, New York based practice, and a parallel entity to Situ Studio, is an "interdisciplinary applied-research division working at the intersection of architecture, urbanism, policy and human rights."https://situ.nyc/research

9） 保護達利亞的公民運動，導致一個私人高端開發項目的終止以及后續達利亞自然地被列入世界歷史遺跡觀察名單。/The Civil Campaign to Protect Dalieh, led to the halting of a private highend development project and the subsequent listing of the Dalieh natural site in Beirut under the World Monument Watch list https://dalieh.org/&https://www.wmf.org/project/dalieh-raouche

10）反對福阿德·布特羅斯高速路運動和替換提案/Stop Fouad Boutros Highway campaign and proposed alternatives, https://stopthehighway.wordpress.com/

11）拯救比斯里峽谷運動/Save the Bisri Valley campaign alternatives, https://en.annahar.com/article/1098856-bisri-dam-an-ongoing-controversy

12）詳見/Platau: Platform for Architecture and Urbanism, http://www.platau.info/

13）詳見/Warchee, NGO, http://www.warchee.org/

14）Public Works ，一個多學科設計及研究工作室，由阿比爾·薩克蘇克和納丁·別克達切創立/Public Works, a multidisciplinary design and research studio, founded by Abir Saksouk and Nadine Bekdache,https://publicworksstudio.com/en/about

15）關于貝魯特美國大學建筑與設計學系的倡議詳情詳見/Further information on initiatives by the Department of Architecture and Design at AUB: Di-Lab, BePublic, and the Beirut Urban Lab https://www.aub.edu.lb/msfea/ard/Pages/default.aspx

參考文獻/References

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[2] SULLIVAN H.The Making of Lebanon's October Revolution [J/OL].The New Yorker, October 29, 2019.https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/themaking-of-lebanons-october-revolution.

[3] ANTONELLI P, TANNIR A.Broken Nature :Triennale Di Milano [M].Verona: Elcograf, 2019.

[4] LAHOUD A, BAGNATO A.Rights of Future Generations: Conditions[M].Hatje Cantz, Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 2019.

[5] SINCLAIR C, STOHR K.Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises[M].London: Thames and Hudson, 2006.

[6] WEIZMAN E.Forensic Architecture, Violence at theThreshold of Detectability[M].New York: Zone Books, 2018.

[7] HARB M.Cities and Political Change: How Young Activists in Beirut Bred an Urban Social Movement[D].Power to Youth, Paper No.20, September 2016, ISSN 2283-5792.

[8] FAWAZ M.Beirut Madinati and the Prospects of Urban Citizenship [EB/OL].The Centur y Foundation online, April 16, 2019.https://tcf.org/content/report/beirut-madinati-prospects-urbancitizenship/?session=1

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[10] BELL B.Expanding Design Towards Greater Relevance [M]// BELL B, WAKEFORD K.(ed.)Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism.Bellerophon Publications, 2008: 14-17.