崔維蘭
摘 要:外貿英文函電是國際貿易中溝通信息最基本的途徑之一,是外貿業務中各個環節進行磋商的重要書面文件。委婉地拒絕顧客的要求、請求和建議等是外貿英文函電中一種常見的現象。本文以布朗和列文森的“面子理論”以及利奇的“禮貌原則”為指導,淺析了外貿英文函電中的拒絕策略,旨在提高學生外貿英文函電的寫作水平。
關鍵詞:外貿英文函電;禮貌原則;拒絕策略
一、面子與禮貌原則
面子理論最早由美國社會學家格夫曼提出,布朗和列文森在格夫曼的基礎上進一步闡釋了“面子”,并將面子理論分為兩類:積極面子和消極面子?;凇岸Y貌”和“面子”的考慮,利奇提出了禮貌原則。
外貿英文信函是對外貿易活動中信息溝通的重要方式,它明確了雙方的商務交易意圖。在拒絕類信函中,雙方利益矛盾,沖突明顯,措施不當容易導致雙方貿易關系破裂。因此,綜合運用恰當的面子管理策略及禮貌原則,實現拒絕對方信函的撰寫。
二、拒絕策略
外貿英文函電是國際貿易中業務雙方重要的溝通手段之一,是國際商務普遍使用的規范語言,它具有明顯程式化的特點。因此,下面主要從使用模糊限定語、緩沖語、情感詞,進行合理解釋,提出可行建議五個方面分析外貿英文函電的拒絕策略,并用面子理論和禮貌原則對其進行探討解釋。
(一)使用模糊限定語
模糊限定語指語義、界限不清的語言。盡管外貿英文函電的寫作具體、準確、清楚,但適當地運用模糊限制語,可使表達更加靈活、禮貌、得體。信函中表達拒絕的時候,模糊限制語的使用使語氣變得緩和,較少傷及對方面子和情感,體現了外貿英文函電的禮貌原則,保證了雙方業務關系的維系。外貿英文函電中模糊限制語,主要有情態動詞、認知型動詞和數量限定型模糊語could,should,would;suggest,appear,show;a little,more,approximately等。
例1:After carefully considering it,however,we have decided that it would be better for you to approach another manufacture in this instance.
例2:We regret being unable to accept your offer on your terms as your prices appear to be on rather high side.
例3:we feel that an arrangement on these lines would be more satisfactory to both of us than the one you proposed.
例4:Could you please lower your price a little so that we can achieve the transaction.
通過上述例句中的would,appear,more,a little等模糊限定語的使用,避免了拒絕太過直接,使得語氣委婉、含蓄,不僅巧妙地拒絕了對方,還充分考慮了對方的利益,給對方留有余地,保全了對方的面子,因此,更容易為對方所接受且能繼續維持良好的貿易關系。
(二)使用緩沖語
緩沖語(buffer)是指在傳達壞消息之前,先進行正面的或中性的相關陳述來緩和語氣,緩沖語的使用推遲了壞消息呈現的時間,使收信人被拒絕之前有了一定的思想準備,體現了對收信人尊重和體諒,維護了其面子,更易為對方所接受,也有利于維護雙方之間的合作關系。
例5:Thank you for your fax offer of August 20th for 20,000 metric tons of Canada Oat.We appreciate the good quality of your goods,but unfortunately we are not in a position to accept the offer on your terms as your prices appear to be on rather high side.
例6:Thank you very much for your offer on 4th July,we are quite satisfied with the quality of your products,but after careful examining and comparison with similar products of other makes,we find your quotation on the high side.Also a large number of slippers of similar design from Hong Kong are now commanding ready sales here and these sell at prices 10% below those that you have quoted.
上述例子中,首先使用緩沖語感謝對方對產品的報盤,且對方產品的質量感到非常滿意,之后由于價格偏高的原因委婉地進行了拒絕,表現非常禮貌,同時維護了對方的面子,極易讓對方所接受。
(三)使用情感詞
情感詞是表示人情感的詞語。外貿英文函電中,通常借助“情感詞+輔助語”這一固定的程式化結構來委婉客氣地表達拒絕之意。如感謝+輔助語,遺憾語+輔助語,意愿+輔助語,道歉+輔助語,體諒+輔助語等。
例7:We thank you for your order of 20th May,but unfortunately that the goods you ordered are out of stock.
例8:We regret very much being unable to comply with your wishes due to the preparation the raw materials and our tough producing schedule.
外貿英文函電中,通常采用上述程式化地結構,先表達感謝、抱歉或表達良好地意愿之后再委婉地傳達拒絕的信息,給人以禮貌和親切感,拉近與對方的距離,易于對方接受,為后期的合作創造條件。
(四)進行合理解釋
外貿英文函電中拒絕對方時,通常給出合理的解釋。因為有效、合理的解釋可以幫助對方更好的接受和理解所收的拒絕。
例9:All the items ordered are in the stock except the last item Model Ok 808.Stocks of the item have been sold out since we quoted for them,and will be available again by the end of this year.
例10:We appreciate the good quality of your goods,but unfortunately we are not in a position to accept the offer on your terms.Your prices appear to be rather high side.We are obtaining the same quality goods through another channel at a much lower price than that you quoted us.
從例句中,我們看到盡管寫信者給出了拒絕答復,但針對具體原因,給出了合理解釋,讓對方感覺到是客觀存在的原因導致自己做出拒絕的選擇而非主觀意愿做出的決定,從而讓對方能夠理解和接受。
(五)提出可行建議
在表達拒絕之后,為了更好地維持今后的合作,應從對方的利益出發(you-attitude),試著給出可行的建議,幫助對方解決所面臨的問題。
例11:May we suggest that you make some allowance,say 6%,on your quoted prices.
例12:If you desire earlier delivery,we can only make a partial shipment of 2X40HQ in December and the remaining in January,2011.
例句中,我們可以看出給與對方可行性建議,有利于緩和拒絕信息帶給對方的失望,有利于維護和促進雙方的合作關系。
三、結語
總之,我們要熟練掌握外貿英文函電中的拒絕策略,才能有效撰寫出使對方理解并能接受的外貿英文函電,從而建立、發展、維系及促進業務雙方的關系,提高自身的業務工作能力。
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