引言
根據(jù)新課標(biāo)、考試大綱的要求,定語從句在英語語言習(xí)得方面占有舉足輕重的地位。對定語從句的良好感知有利于學(xué)生提升英語閱讀能力、寫作能力及解題水平。但問題是學(xué)生在識別定語從句、區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞方面有很多困惑。因此,我設(shè)計一堂定語從句專題課,期望能掃除這兩個障礙,讓學(xué)生擁有良好的英語體驗和獲得感。
教學(xué)設(shè)計
一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1. 識別定語從句。
2. 區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
二、教學(xué)步驟
Step1. 觀察與感悟
呈現(xiàn)9個經(jīng)典定語從句,要求學(xué)生朗讀并通過觀察句子,找出所給句子的2個共同之處。
(1) This is the man who/that helped me yesterday.
(2) Yesterday I received the book (that/which) I bought on the Net.
(3) Do you still remember the days when we studied together?
(4) Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent together?
(5) The school where I studied was 3 kilometers away from my home.
(6) The school (that/which) we visited last Sunday was 3 kilometers away from my home.
(7) The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.
(8) Tom?was?always?late?for?school,?which?made?his?teacher?angry.
(9) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
設(shè)計說明:為了充分理解句意,要求學(xué)生按意群停頓來讀句子。通過對9個典型句子的共性分析,找出識別定語從句的兩個關(guān)鍵點:1.從句前面有名詞或代詞。2.從句中缺成分,要么缺主賓,要么缺狀語。(先行詞一定要充當(dāng)從句成分)
Step2. 思考:
關(guān)系代詞?關(guān)系副詞?
1)當(dāng)從句缺主語、或賓語,選擇? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (key:關(guān)系代詞)
2)當(dāng)從句主賓完整(不及物動詞沒有賓語),缺狀語時,選擇? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (key:關(guān)系副詞)
設(shè)計說明:通過觀察以上從句所缺成分,如缺主賓,選擇關(guān)系代詞;如缺狀語,選擇關(guān)系副詞。這是區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞最直觀的方法。
Ex1:? where?? when?? that?
1) If a shop has chairs? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (key:where)
2) In an hour, we can travel to places? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (key:which/that)
3) I remember the time? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? you left us last year. (key:when)
設(shè)計說明:此類題考查關(guān)系代詞和副詞的應(yīng)用,提醒學(xué)生觀察從句所缺成分。
Ex2.(非限定性)定語從句?并列句?強調(diào)句?
1) Each summer, she goes to the beach,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? she swims every day.(定語從句,where)
2) Each summer, she goes to the beach, _______ she often swims there every day. (并列句,and)
3) It was in the hotel _______ we stayed last night. (強調(diào)句,that)
4) It was the hotel ________ we stayed last night. (定語從句,where)
5) I have many collections of stamps, ________some of them are my favorite.(并列句,and)
設(shè)計說明:英語考試中,定語從句不會孤立存在,所以如何識別定語從句,區(qū)分它與其他從句或句型的不同是學(xué)生面臨的問題。根據(jù)教學(xué)活動step1,學(xué)生已學(xué)會識別“定語從句”的2個關(guān)鍵點。
Ex3,抽象性的地點名詞:? that? where?
1) We are trying to reach a point ________ both sides will sit down together and talk.
2) Teaching is a job __________ you can find your true value.
3) We will discuss some cases __________ students fail to use English properly.
(key: 全部選擇where)
設(shè)計說明:關(guān)系副詞where是高考和模考的重要考點。其中一些抽象性的地點名詞,如point“達(dá)到…地步”,case“在…情形下”,situation“在…境地下”,job“在這份職業(yè)中”,雖然字面上是一般名詞,但已轉(zhuǎn)化成為抽象的地點名詞作為先行詞,在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語,根據(jù)課堂step2所學(xué)知識,選擇使用關(guān)系副詞where。
Ex 4.? which? that?
1) There seems to be nothing? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? is impossible to him in the world.? (key: that)
2) This is the best film? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? I have ever seen.? (key: that)
設(shè)計說明:定語從句特例:當(dāng)先行詞是everything,anything, nothing, something等不定代詞時,或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no序數(shù)詞,最高級,the very, the only等修飾時,只能用:that。
Ex 5 who? that?
1) Anyone? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? breaks the laws should be punished.? ?(key: who)
2) He? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? laughs last laughs best.? ?(key: who)
設(shè)計說明:先行詞是those, he, anyone, someone, everyone, 指人,只能用who。
Ex 6. 繪制定語從句的思維導(dǎo)圖mind-map
設(shè)計說明:思維導(dǎo)圖讓知識可視化,整體化,從而使單個知識聯(lián)系起來,使之有條理,便于理解和記憶。學(xué)生的繪制過程是一次主動使用腦、眼、手,發(fā)揮聯(lián)想,體現(xiàn)空間感的過程,是一次主動思維的過程。
Step3. 挑戰(zhàn) :高考真題再現(xiàn)
1.語法填空。
1.1 Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,? ? ? ? ?she opened with her late husband Les.? (2019- 全國II卷)
1.2 They were well trained by their masters? ? ? ? ?had great experience with caring for these animals. (2019- 全國III卷)
1.3? Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014? ? ? ? ?showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018-全國I卷)
2.改錯 (每句最多兩處錯誤)。
2.1 One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. (2019-全國I卷)
2.2 In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment what is created for them. (2019-全國III卷)
2.3 They also had a small pond which they raised fish.(2018-全國I卷)
設(shè)計說明:通過精選近2年高考題中涉及定語從句的題目,讓學(xué)生親臨考場,感受真題。學(xué)生們在解題中內(nèi)化技能,應(yīng)用和鞏固所學(xué)知識。
三、教學(xué)反思
本節(jié)課是以“識別——區(qū)分——應(yīng)用”為主線的“定語從句”語法課,教學(xué)目標(biāo)定位較準(zhǔn),教學(xué)設(shè)計有層次。學(xué)生從觀察、感悟、思考、練習(xí)到思維導(dǎo)圖的歸納和應(yīng)用,輕松突破定語從句的兩個難點,學(xué)有所獲。但在實際的教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)注意以下問題:
1.教學(xué)難度、速度、是彈性的,要基于學(xué)情。比如在普通班的step2中教學(xué)中讓學(xué)生們列出所有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。高級班可增加關(guān)于as, whose 等引導(dǎo)的定語從句練習(xí)。
2.可以增加含定語從句的篇章閱讀,以及佳句欣賞翻譯環(huán)節(jié)。定語從句在英語語篇中起著重要作用,教師在備課環(huán)節(jié)要多想辦法為學(xué)生提供原汁原味的英語資料,滿足不同學(xué)生的需求。
【作者簡介】甘青,廣東省順德倫教中學(xué)。