Removal of biofilm is essential for long-term ventilation tube retention

Qiang Ma, Hui Wang, Zheng-Nong Chen, Ya-Qin Wu, Dong-Zhen Yu, Peng-Jun Wang, Hai-Bo Shi,Kai-Ming Su

Qiang Ma, Hui Wang, Zheng-Nong Chen, Ya-Qin Wu, Dong-Zhen Yu, Peng-Jun Wang, Hai-Bo Shi,Kai-Ming Su, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head &Neck Surgery, the Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China

Hai-Bo Shi, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China

Abstract

Key words: Tympanostomy tubes;Biofilm;Complication management;Long-term retention;Ménière disease;Refractory otitis media with effusion

INTRODUCTION

Myringotomy with ventilation tube placement (M&T) was first described by Viennese otologist Politzer in 1868 for the treatment of otitis media catarrhalis and was popularized by Armstrong in 1954[1].Since then, the basic principles of myringotomy with tube placement have remained unchanged, although various surgical procedures have been developed.M&T plays an important role in the treatment of refractory otitis media with effusion (ROME) and eustachian tube dysfunction by maintaining continuous ventilation and pressure balance and promoting secretion drainage in the middle ear[2].Ninety percent of children develop otitis media at least once before the age of 2 years;thus, M&T is the most common outpatient operation for children younger than 15 years[3].

In cases of ROME and eustachian tube dysfunction, as well as with the use of Meniett therapy for Ménière disease, the ventilation tube needs to be retained for a relatively long time.However, conventional ventilation tube is expelled spontaneously within 3 to 12 mo because of tube extrusion or obstruction[4], and in such cases, patients have to undergo two or more M&T procedures.Although M&T is a minimally invasive procedure, there is a need to minimize the number of operations for long-term maintenance of an indwelling tube, considering the risks of anesthesia and surgery, excessive injury to the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal,medical care costs, and impact on school or work[5].

Many “permanent” tubes have been developed in an attempt to provide longerlasting middle ear ventilation, but such tubes are still subject to problems with unplanned extrusion[6].In this study, we aimed to identify a safe and effective method for long-term retention with the conventional ventilation tube in patients requiring an indwelling tube.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Sixteen consecutive adult patients who underwent M&T and required an indwelling tube over a long period were recruited from the Sixth People’s Hospital (Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University) between January 2011 and September 2019.The patients were randomly divided into two groups:Control group and treatment group.During the same period, patients in the treatment group underwent regular biofilm exfoliation surgery in the clinic, whereas those in the control group did not have their biofilm removed.General characteristics, such as age, sex, follow-up interval, and retention time, were collected (Table 1).All patients provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki[7].The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital(YS-2018-101).

Treatment procedure

All patients underwent M&T.Only conventional ventilation tubes were used in this study (Medtronic, United States) and retained for more than 1 year depending on the needs of treatment.Follow-up intervals were 4 wk, 8 wk, 6 mo, and 1 year after M&T,which were mainly conducted to examine the state of the ventilation tube and the treatment effects for primary diseases.The follow-up period was determined according to the speed of accumulation of the exfoliated epithelium (biofilm), which was mostly located at the vertical junction of the circular edge of the indwelling tube(Figure 1).For regular biofilm exfoliation surgery, the biofilm of the ventilation tube was immersed in ofloxacin ear drops for 20-30 min.Then, under a microscope, the biofilm was cut off and cleared with an improvised miniature suction or hook.Finally,the migrated tube was reset (Figure 2).The control group did not undergo biofilm removal.

市政給排水工程的造價控制及其要點分析…………………………………………… 張婷婷，劉偉榮（11-209）

Effect assessment

Tube position and patency were the outcome measures.Patency was defined as ＜ 50%blockage in the ventilation tube;position was indicated by a distance ＜ 0.3 cm between the ventilation tube and the tympanic membrane.Any complications, such as obstruction, granulomatosis, myringosclerosis, retraction, cholesteatoma, and tympanic membrane perforation, were documented.The tube retention time was calculated in the control and treatment groups (Figure 3).

Statistical analysis

SPSS for Windows version 22.0 (IBM, United States) was used for data analyses.Independentt-test was used to compare mean difference between the two values, and a Chi-square test (χ2) was used for the comparison of two or more rates.APvalue ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patients’ information

A total of 16 participants (56.3% men and 43.7% women) with a mean age of 53.3 ±15.0 years (Table 1) were enrolled in the study.The treatment and control groups included eight patients each.The reason for long-term ventilation tube retention included MD and ROME (Table 1).

Retention time of tympanostomy tube

Univariate analysis revealed that the retention time of the tympanostomy tube was significantly longer in the treatment group (43.5 ± 26.4 mo) than in the control group(9.5 ± 6.9 mo) (P= 0.003).No statistically significant difference in sex (P= 0.619) or age(P= 0.140) was found between the treatment and control groups (Table 2).

State of tympanostomy tube

More tympanostomy tubes were found to be in position and patent in the treatment group in the follow-up intervals compared with those in the control group (P= 0.01).During the course of tube retention, there was no complication in either group (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

In this study, we identified a safe and effective method for long-term retention of conventional ventilation tube in patients requiring an indwelling tube.The treatment group had longer tympanostomy tube retention time than the control group.

Long-term ventilation tube retention is necessary in many diseases.Otitis mediawith effusion is more common in children with cleft palate or cleft lip and palate, with incidence rates of 70%-90%[8].Although M&T is expected to alleviate tympanic effusion, the rate of reimplantation is 21.9%, owing to recurrent attacks or premature extrusion caused by middle ear inflammation[9].Because of persistent eustachian tube dysfunction in persons with Down syndrome, middle ear aerationviatympanostomy tubes may be required throughout the preschool years to prevent otologic and developmental complications associated with otitis media with effusion.However, in 38.4% of the patients, the tube needs to be replaced because of repeated removal, and the average number of tube replacements per individual is 3.5[10].Yamanet al[11]showed that the longer the tympanostomy tube retention time, the lower the recurrence rate of ROME.Comparison of three groups in their study showed higher recurrence rates with a retention time ＜ 6 mo (36.54%) than with retention times between 6 and 12 mo (17.74%) and ＞ 12 mo (9.1%).

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Biofilm removal is essential for long-term ventilation tube retention in Meniett therapy.The Meniett device is a safe, nondestructive treatment for patients refractory to medical therapy for Meniere disease[12].It does not function in the presence of an intact tympanic membrane, requiring the maintenance of a patent myringotomy tube.In Mattox’s study, in eight patients using the device between 3 and 5.25 years, there were 29 separate conventional tube insertions or 3.6 tube insertions per patient[13].With the same therapy, our six patients with Meniere disease had six separate conventional tube insertions or one tube insertion per patient during an average of 4 years of treatment.Therefore, our new method for long-term ventilation tube retention appears to be a suitable alternative to repeated tympanostomy tube placement in selected patients.

The biofilm plays a crucial role in the development of complications after M&T.Otorrhea and obstruction are the two most common complications after tympanic membrane catheterization.In one study, the risk of otorrhea ranged from 0.5% to 11%,and the incidence of tube obstruction ranged from 6.9% to 36%[14].There is growing evidence to support the role of biofilms in the development of complications after M&T.Previous reports have described strategies to inhibit the development of bacterial biofilms in tympanostomy tubes.Among these strategies are antibioticcoated tympanostomy tubes, silver oxide-impregnated tympanostomy tubes[15],polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silicone tympanostomy tubes[16], phosphorylcholine antibacterial coating, and ion-bombarded silicone and fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes[17].Each of these strategies has its own limitations.Antibiotic coatings are likely to cause an increase in antibiotic resistance;silver oxide-impregnated and phosphorylcholine antibacterial-coated tympanostomy tubes do not inhibit biofilm formation;and ion-bombarded tympanostomy tubes do not completely inhibit bacterial attachment[18].Since the role of biofilm in the development of complications is clear, our treatment should also be effective in theory.

Figure 1 Exfoliated epithelium.

An obvious shortcoming of our study is its retrospective nature.Although this study investigated several factors that might affect tube retention time, not all potential variables were included.Considering the small sample size, further study is necessary to determine whether biofilm removal is a suitable alternative to repeated tympanostomy tube placement in selected patients.In conclusion, despite the use of short-term tube, biofilm removal has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for long-term tube retention.

Table 2 Univariate analysis

Table 3 State of tympanostomy tube in the two groups

Figure 2 Biofilm exfoliation surgery.

Figure 3 Retention time of the ventilation tube.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Myringotomy with ventilation tube placement (M&T) plays an important role in the treatment of refractory otitis media by maintaining continuous ventilation and pressure balance and promoting secretion drainage in the middle ear.Long-term ventilation tube retention is necessary in many diseases, such as refractory otitis media with effusion and eustachian tube dysfunction, as well as with the use of Meniett therapy for Ménière disease.However,conventional ventilation tubes are expelled spontaneously within 3 to 12 mo because of tube extrusion or obstruction.Therefore, patients have to undergo two or more M&T procedures,which have the concomitant risks of anesthesia and surgery, excessive injury to the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal, medical care costs, and impact on school or work.

Research motivation

The biofilm plays a crucial role in the development of extrusion or obstruction after M&T.Previous reports described strategies designed to inhibit the development of bacterial biofilms on tympanostomy tubes, such as antibiotic-coated, ion-bombarded silicone, and fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes, which had been proved to be incapable of completely inhibiting bacterial attachment.However, studies about biofilms are still lacking, and it is uncertain whether directly removing the biofilm can be a well-tolerated and effective treatment for long-term tube retention of tympanostomy ventilation tubes.

Research objectives

In this study, directly removing the biofilm was performed to maintain tube position and patency as well as control complications.Our study aimed to explore the value of directly removing the biofilm for long-term ventilation tube retention.

Research methods

A case-control study design was used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of long-term tube retention by directly removing the biofilm (viasurgical exfoliation) in patients who underwent M&T.Patients in the treatment group underwent regular biofilm exfoliation surgery in the clinic,whereas the control group did not undergo biofilm removal.Only conventional ventilation tubes were placed in this study.Outcome measures were tube position and patency.Tube retention time and any complications were documented.

Research results

In this study, we identified a safe and effective method for long-term retention of conventional ventilation tube in patients requiring an indwelling tube.Tympanostomy tube retention time was longer in the treatment group than in the control group.More tympanostomy tubes were found to be in position and patent in the treatment group in the follow-up intervals than in the control group.Furthermore, during the course of tube retention, there was no complication in either group.

Research conclusions

Biofilm removal has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for long-term tube retention, even with the use of short-term tube.It is expected to provide a new treatment method for many diseases that necessitate long-term ventilation tube retention.

Research perspectives

Considering the small sample size, further study is needed to determine whether biofilm removal is a suitable alternative to repeated tympanostomy tube placement in selected patients.