殺菌劑和殺蟲劑使用對玉米病蟲害防治及效益分析

劉佳中 李永強 謝淑娜

摘要 玉米病蟲害是影響玉米產量和品質的重要因素。本研究選擇2種殺蟲劑（40%氯蟲苯甲酰胺·噻蟲嗪WG和100 g/L順式氯氰菊酯EC）和4種殺菌劑（18.7%丙環唑·嘧菌酯SE、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC、125 g/L氟環唑SE和17%吡唑醚菌酯·氟環唑SE），通過單獨或組合在玉米心葉期（V12）一次性施藥，并在藥后7 d接種玉米彎孢菌，隨后對各處理的防治效果和經濟效益進行比較分析。基于施藥成本、施藥后的增產效益和玉米價格，采用貝葉斯推斷統計方法計算凈利潤的概率。在盈利平衡點（純利潤為0），通過施藥獲得凈利潤的概率變幅在0.328～0.998之間;如果要獲得1 500 元/hm2的凈利潤，各施藥處理概率的變幅為0.024～0.993，其中40%氯蟲苯甲酰胺·噻蟲嗪WG+18.7%丙環唑·嘧菌酯SE處理的盈利概率最高（0.986～0.993），其次18.7%丙環唑·嘧菌酯SE和40%氯蟲苯甲酰胺·噻蟲嗪WG+17%吡唑醚菌酯·氟環唑SE處理的盈利概率也超過0.947。本研究表明40%氯蟲苯甲酰胺·噻蟲嗪WG+18.7%丙環唑·嘧菌酯SE是防治當地玉米病蟲害理想的殺蟲劑殺菌劑施藥組合。

關鍵詞 玉米病蟲害; 殺菌劑; 殺蟲劑; 防治; 經濟效益

中圖分類號： S 435.13 ?文獻標識碼： B ?DOI： 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019180

Abstract Maize disease and insect pests have a negative impact on yield and quality of maize. In this study， two insecticides （chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam 40% WG and alpha-cypermethrin 100 g/L EC） and four fungicides （propiconazole·azoxystrobin 18.7% SE， pyraclostrobin 250 g/L EC， epoxiconazole 125 g/L SE， and pyraclostrobin·epoxiconazole 17% SE） were applied alone or in insecticide-fungicide combinations to maize plants at growth stage V12， and then inoculated the pathogen Curvularia lunata seven days after spray. Their control effects and influence on yields and economic benefits were evaluated. Based on the mean yields and standard deviations for treated and untreated plots， the price of grain， and the costs of the pesticide applications， the probability of achieving a positive net return after pesticide application was calculated using Bayesian inference methods. Probabilities for achieving a net return of 0 （break-even point） ranged from 0.328 to 0.988 for ten pesticide applications. Under a net return of 1 500.0 yuan/hm2， probability of profit ranged from 0.024 to 0.993. The probabilities of profit by propiconazole·azoxystrobin 18.7% SE， chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam 40% WG+propiconazole·azoxystrobin 18.7% SE， and chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam 40% WG+pyraclostrobin·epoxiconazole 17% SE were all more than 0.947. Among them， the highest probabilities of profit occurred in application of chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam 40% WG+propiconazole·azoxystrobin 18.7% SE， which was the effective insecticide-fungicide combination for maize disease and insect pests control.

Key words maize disease and insect pest; fungicide; insecticide; control; economic benefit

玉米作為我國第一大種植作物，可為畜牧養殖、化工、醫藥等行業提供重要的原料[1]。玉米種植過程中通常會受到雜草、病、蟲等有害生物的侵害，導致減產和品質下降。目前，我國玉米種植戶使用化學除草劑防治雜草已經非常普遍，特別是對施藥時期、藥劑選擇及安全性等均具有比較全面的認識[2-3]。近些年，隨著耕作方式的改變及氣候的變化，如連續多年的禁燒及秸稈還田、黃淮海夏玉米的貼茬播種、玉米種植密度的增加、機械跨區作業等均影響著田間病蟲害的發生[4-6]。……