王碧文
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》指出,語言能力是構(gòu)成英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的基礎(chǔ)要素(教育部 2018)。語言能力是指在社會情境中,以聽、說、讀、看、寫等方式理解和表達(dá)意義的能力。詞匯是語言重要的組成部分之一。一種語言依靠詞匯,按照一定的語法規(guī)則,組成有意義的語篇。著名的語言學(xué)家威爾金斯(Wilkins,1972)說:“Without grammar,very little can be conveyed,but without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.”由此可見,詞匯教學(xué)在語言教學(xué)中占有十分重要的地位。一般來說,高三學(xué)生掌握詞匯的多少是衡量其英語水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一?!霸~不離句,句不離文”是教單詞的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談。如果孤立地復(fù)習(xí)單詞,學(xué)生就會覺得枯燥乏味,也很難記住。如果能結(jié)合語境,通過詞塊、句子、話題進(jìn)行詞匯復(fù)習(xí),有情景、有意義,學(xué)生就易學(xué)易記,也能實(shí)現(xiàn)其交際功能,達(dá)到表達(dá)思想、交流感情的目的。
很多教師在高三英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)中缺乏針對性、層次性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、整體性和持續(xù)性,未能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行詞匯的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。他們片面地認(rèn)為詞匯學(xué)習(xí)主要靠記和背,往往讓學(xué)生在課余時(shí)間記、背單詞表中的詞匯,且僅僅通過單詞聽寫或測試督促學(xué)生記憶詞匯。這樣,學(xué)生長期處于被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)的狀態(tài),教學(xué)效果不盡如人意。
首先,學(xué)生在平時(shí)聽、說、讀、寫中依賴性強(qiáng),一旦遇到生詞就查詞典,沒有養(yǎng)成主動(dòng)鉆研詞匯的習(xí)慣。學(xué)生往往在獨(dú)立面對新的語言材料或生詞時(shí)束手無策。
其次,學(xué)生記憶詞匯不得法。學(xué)生在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中脫離語境,以孤立詞項(xiàng)為單位進(jìn)行輸入、儲存和提取,既沒有組塊記憶,又缺乏必要的聯(lián)想和回憶線,學(xué)習(xí)效果不佳。
通過以上分析可知,教師有責(zé)任從教與學(xué)的實(shí)際出發(fā),根據(jù)英語詞匯的特點(diǎn),采用靈活多變的教學(xué)方法,結(jié)合語境,合理有效地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)詞匯,擴(kuò)大他們的詞匯量,提高他們正確使用詞匯的能力。下面將結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)踐,提出幾種提高高三英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)有效性的教學(xué)策略,以達(dá)成教學(xué)目標(biāo)。
創(chuàng)設(shè)語境進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)是指根據(jù)詞匯的意義需要,讓學(xué)生在情境中準(zhǔn)確理解詞義及其用法和搭配等。因此,教師要認(rèn)真研究教材和考綱詞匯,努力創(chuàng)設(shè)相關(guān)語境,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性,使他們自覺投入語境,主動(dòng)參與活動(dòng),從而了解并掌握單詞。
例如:人教版高中《英語》選修8 Unit 3 Reading中:I covered the whole thing with a bucket.(P20)
對于cover這個(gè)考綱重點(diǎn)詞匯,教師并沒有直接解釋它的意義,也沒有刻意講解它的用法,而是找出近年來福建省各地質(zhì)檢卷對cover一詞多義的考查,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過不同的語境體會其意義及區(qū)別。
1.The noise was so loud that she covered her ears with her hands.(cover:place sth.over 用……蓋?。?/p>
2.I hoped that the seven dollars would cover the cost for repairing the windows.(2011福建泉州質(zhì)檢完形)(cover:be enough for夠用)
3.The bird covered the distance in three minutes.(新概念第5課)(cover:travel走一段路)
4.He laughed to cover his nervousness.(cover:hide掩飾)
5.The reporter was sent to cover the news(. cover:report 采訪)
6.The book covers many problems we are interested in.(2011 福建龍巖質(zhì)檢單選)(cover:include包括,涉及)
7.The territory(領(lǐng)土)covered 17 million acres(英畝),covering parts of Washington.(2011福建廈門質(zhì)檢閱讀 E)(cover:have an area of占地)
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】語言學(xué)家呂叔湘先生說:“詞匯要嵌在上下文里頭才有生命,才容易記住,才知道用法。”針對高考英語語篇中很多常用詞匯不斷重復(fù)出現(xiàn),教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過不同的語境,體會cover的意義及區(qū)別,引導(dǎo)他們歸納、總結(jié),提高他們在特定語境中判斷詞義的能力。
科克羅(Kochroo,1962)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),要成功地記住一個(gè)單詞,學(xué)生至少得連續(xù)遇到它7次。三木和內(nèi)申等人(Saragi&Nation,et al.1978)則指出,不斷地遇到一個(gè)單詞16次以后,才能自然地記住它。因此,要達(dá)到自然習(xí)得單詞,就必須讓學(xué)生在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)頻繁地遇到同一個(gè)單詞,從而自然地記住它。但是,教科書在編寫和設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)很難達(dá)到這么高的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,有效的復(fù)現(xiàn)主要依靠教師。這就要求教師在不同的時(shí)間用不同的方式幫助學(xué)生復(fù)現(xiàn)所學(xué)過的詞匯,盡量減少遺忘率,增強(qiáng)詞匯和記憶持久性。在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯如bring,go等時(shí),教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生加強(qiáng)詞匯的聯(lián)想,歸納、總結(jié),從而以詞匯為中心聯(lián)想輻射,為詞匯編織一張網(wǎng)。這樣,即使斷了其中一根線,仍有其他若干線將這個(gè)生詞固定在大腦中。
例如,人教版高中《英語》Module3Unit3Reading中出現(xiàn)的go through,bring up等詞組是這個(gè)單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯,且go,up多搭配學(xué)生比較容易混淆的詞。go搭配不同的介詞,up搭配不同的動(dòng)詞,都有不同的意思。教師可以先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生就go,up的不同搭配進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維,想出一個(gè)詞組并造句。如:go搭配不同介詞,學(xué)生進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維(見圖 1):

圖1
up搭配不同動(dòng)詞,學(xué)生進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維(見圖2):

圖2
這些新的信息(詞組)進(jìn)入大腦時(shí),最初被安置在“外層”,如果不及時(shí)對它們進(jìn)行深加工處理,它們很快就會被后來進(jìn)入的新信息排擠掉。課后,教師要求學(xué)生選擇幾個(gè)詞組,編一個(gè)小故事,并在第二堂課上展示,以達(dá)到鞏固的目的。
以下是高三(5)班某位學(xué)生就go的詞組編的小短文。
Time went by quickly,it has been 3 years since I last saw my close friend,Lucy.Yesterday I was going through some old letters when I found one from my friend,Lucy.After high school,she went against her father’s wishes and worked in Shenzhen.Last year she got married to an American and gave birth to a pair of twin sisters.She went through hard times of bringing up her children.Life was not as comfortable as it was in her hometown,because there are many things she had to go without.But despite all the hardship,she went on working hard and held a positive attitude towards life.
以下是高三(6)班某位學(xué)生就up的詞組編的小短文。
As time goes by quickly,we step into senior 3,under the great pressure,I have ever come up with the idea of giving up(放棄)my study.In these two years,my time is fully taken up(占據(jù))with Maths study,but it seems that my efforts didn’t pay off.I still can not catch up(趕上)with others,which depressed me so much.
Last Sunday,I got up(起床)late with a bad mood,and found nothing could cheer me up.I was about to tidy up(整理)my bed when my Mum came in.It seems that she read my mind and said:“Don’t be so disappointed,it’s not a big deal.You should just make up for(彌補(bǔ))the knowledge you lack and you will catch up with your classmates eventually.But I still have to give you some advice.Firstly,do not make up(編造)any excuses for your own failure.Secondly,don’t stay up too late,build up your health(增進(jìn)健康)and develop a good habit of study.Once you make up your mind,you should keep it up.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.”This conversation means a lot to me.I want to have a better future,I won’t let anything block up(阻擋)my step,otherwise I will regret for it all my lifetime.So,my dear friends,let’s keep up our spirits,work together and draw up(繪制)a beautiful blueprint(藍(lán)圖)of our future.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】詞語的意義不是孤零零地存在于詞匯系統(tǒng)中,而是相互聯(lián)系、相互依存的。根據(jù)語義場理論,教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過句子填空、語篇填空理解、識記和運(yùn)用詞匯練習(xí),提高詞匯的運(yùn)用能力。通過鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生將所學(xué)詞匯用到自己的語句中、短文中,在真實(shí)語境中運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯,使他們的思維變得更積極、更主動(dòng),真正做到從“要我用詞匯”變成“我要用詞匯”。正所謂“大腦深加工,復(fù)習(xí)更有效;詞匯由心生,記憶更牢靠”。
人教版高中英語教材中很多課文話題與生活息息相關(guān),且相當(dāng)一部分是學(xué)生感興趣的話題。教師可以充分挖掘教材,選準(zhǔn)話題讓學(xué)生仿寫;也可以設(shè)計(jì)更多的口頭或書面“產(chǎn)出型”練習(xí),幫助學(xué)生理解和記憶詞匯。這樣,既能達(dá)到鞏固學(xué)生主題詞匯的目的,又能增強(qiáng)其詞匯運(yùn)用能力,一舉兩得。
例如,在復(fù)習(xí)完人教版高中《英語》Module 3 Unit 3 的重點(diǎn)詞匯(passage,manner,patience,permit,account,spot,in rags,by accident,take a chance,bring up,go through,account for等)后,教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)下面一幅漫畫(見圖3)選用本單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯進(jìn)行描述。

圖3
圖3描繪的是醉酒駕車的違章行為,請學(xué)生用本堂課所學(xué)單詞、詞組描述這幅漫畫的內(nèi)容(可以適當(dāng)想象)。
參考詞匯:drunk driver,drunk driving,permit,manner,patience,spot,in rags,by accident,take a chance(risk),bring up,account for,go through
高三(5)班學(xué)生較好地運(yùn)用了本堂課所學(xué)的詞組。下面是某位學(xué)生的習(xí)作:
It is well known that drunk driving accounted for lots of road accidents,thus drunk driving is not permitted in our country.But in the picture,we can see a drunk driver in rags was caught speeding.The police educated the driver to raise his awareness of safety with patience.However,the driver has drunk so much that he talked with the policeman in a rude manner,he even brought up everything he had eaten.For the sake of the people’s safety and for the happiness of his life,the policeman fined the driver 3 000 yuan on the spot.Charged with drunk driving without a driving permit,the driver was jailed(監(jiān)禁)for three months.Going through the hardships in the prison,the driver will never take a risk to drive his car after drinking.
In my opinion,it’s time we took some measures to make a total ban on it.Only in this way can people pay enough attention to their daily driving.If we can keep on doing this,the road accidents will decrease soon in the future.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】創(chuàng)設(shè)生活化的真實(shí)語境,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對詞匯進(jìn)行有機(jī)整合和處理,化“零”為“整”、融“詞”于“境”,將零碎的詞匯通過句子翻譯、小語段甚至語篇進(jìn)行輸出。這種詞匯教學(xué)方法改變了教師單方面“注入”式講授的模式,發(fā)揮了學(xué)生的主體作用,不僅復(fù)習(xí)和鞏固了原來的知識,還培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的想象力。
相關(guān)心理學(xué)研究表明:信息處理水平對記憶具有很大的影響,對信息的加工水平越深,信息越能更長久地保存在記憶中。因此,在高三英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)過程中,教師要積極創(chuàng)設(shè)語境,啟發(fā)、誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考、想象、表達(dá),將詞匯與句子、語篇結(jié)合起來,從而激活學(xué)生的思維、想象、記憶,培養(yǎng)他們用英語思維的能力,發(fā)展他們運(yùn)用語言的能力,真正提高詞匯復(fù)習(xí)效率。