彭麗倩 陳教全 尹忠浩 梁碧華
[摘要]天然抗氧化劑來源廣泛、品種繁多,主要包括多酚類、多糖類、黃酮類、皂甙類、鞣質類及褪黑素類等,其能夠清除活性氧、拮抗氧化應激損傷,調控細胞信號轉導通路,為UV損傷相關性皮膚病、色素性皮膚病、真菌感染性皮膚病、紅斑丘疹鱗屑性皮膚病及過敏性紫癜等治療提供了廣闊的前景。本文著重就天然抗氧化劑的分類、作用機理及其在氧化損傷相關性皮膚病的防治作用方面進行綜述。
[關鍵詞]天然抗氧化劑;皮膚病;氧化應激;多酚類;多糖類;黃酮類
Abstract: Natural antioxidants are abundant and widespread, mainly including polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, melatonin. Also it has properties of scavenging radicals, antagonizing oxidative damage and adjusting cell signaling transduction. Up to this point, it provides a broad prospect for the treatment of dermatosis, for instance dermatosis induced by ultraviolet, pigmented dermatosis, mycosis, dermatosis characterized by erythematous and scaling papules, allergic purpura. The paper focus on the classification and action mechanism of natural antioxidants and combatting of oxidative stress dermatosis.
Key words:natural antioxidant; dermatosis; oxidative stress;polyphenols;? polysaccharides; flavonoids
皮膚作為人體最大的器官,是抵御外界機械、化學、物理及生物等各種刺激的第一道防線。而UV照射或臭氧、苯并芘等污染物誘導細胞產生大量的活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS),生成脂質過氧化物,誘發氧化應激損傷及炎癥反應,打破體內氧化/抗氧化系統平衡,使機體組織衰退、生理功能低下,損傷皮膚屏障,導致皮膚老化。而隨著國民生活素質水平的提高及醫學發展的進步,人類壽命的延長,人們對皮膚的保養越來越重視,而天然抗氧化劑來源廣泛,具有安全有效、天然無毒、防御氧化損傷及延緩衰老等特性,成為皮膚科領域的研究熱點。天然抗氧化劑品種繁多,故本文重點就天然抗氧化劑的分類、作用機制及其與氧化損傷相關性皮膚病進行綜述。
1? 天然抗氧化劑的分類
無論是通俗文學還是科學文獻,對“抗氧化劑”尚無一個明確的定義[1]。一般來講,抗氧化劑指能清除外來的或內源性生成的ROS,抑制脂質過氧化反應,拮抗DNA損傷[2],保護生物體完整性。
依據其結構可分為非酶類和酶類抗氧化劑。酶類抗氧化劑:超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)、過氧化氫酶(Catalase,CAT)、醛酮還原酶(Aldo-keto reductase, AKRs)等;非酶類抗氧化劑:天然的植物抗氧化劑、維生素類、胡蘿卜素類等重點介紹的天然植物抗氧化劑主要包括多酚類、多糖類、黃酮類、皂甙類、鞣質類、褪黑素類等。
1.1 多酚類:多酚類抗氧化劑包含表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(EGCG)、表沒食子兒茶素(EGC)、表兒茶素沒食子酸酯(ECG)等,EGCG是綠茶含量最豐富的活性物質;研究證實,綠茶具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老、抗應激、保護神經及誘導自噬等功能[3],抑制心血管疾病、癌癥、阿爾茨海默病、帕金森病,以及糖尿病等慢性病的發生[4]。最新研究發現,綠茶可能是治療炎癥性腸病的一種新手段,通過調節Nrf2、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶等途徑,提高抗氧化酶的活性,降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-17等的活性;抑制環氧化酶介導的IkB激酶和NFkB的轉錄,阻遏氧化應激的反應[4]。Li Y等[5]學者發現,茶多酚可通過較強的抗氧化作用,調理腸道微生物群,對于宿主的健康產生正面的影響。
從姜科類植物姜黃根中提取的一種黃色的成分—姜黃素,為酸性多酚類。是AP-1、核因子-kB的抑制物,還可抑制c-Jun N端激酶的活性,有效拮抗UV輻射誘導的DNA損傷,具有抗氧化、抗炎及抗增殖等作用。Liu X等[6]發現姜黃素能夠減輕UV誘導的人皮膚成纖維細胞的DNA損傷,清除細胞內ROS,致過氧化脂質水平下降,防護光損傷。最新研究已證實,姜黃素能夠激活MAPK-Nrf2/ARE通路,上調CAT、SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶基因的表達,減少ROS、MDA含量,遏止氧化應激損傷,發揮抗氧化效用[6]。
紫檀芪是白藜蘆醇的第3位和第5位兩個酚羥基被甲氧基替代所衍生的非黃酮類多酚化合物,能夠激活Bcl-2相關X蛋白的表達,減少ROS生成具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗老化、鎮痛等作用[7-8]。Li H等[9]報道,紫檀芪可調控PI3K介導的Nrf2/ARE信號途徑,提高抗氧化酶的活性,清除UV致ROS,減弱DNA損傷,拮抗UVB導致角質形成細胞損傷。
1.2 多糖類:枸杞多糖是從枸杞果實中提取出來的水溶性的天然植物多糖,具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗輻射、抗腫瘤等多種功效,枸杞多糖可激活Nrf2通路,提高SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS水平,減輕氧化應激損害。除此,其通過介導p53信號通路,降低p53、p21、bax基因的表達,增加雙微體基因2和端粒酶基因表達,抑制機體氧化應激反應及細胞凋亡過程[10-11]。
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