費春曉 胡松 侯新月 劉佳 毛擁軍 邢昂
[摘要] 老年人多重用藥可導致老年綜合征的發生,衰弱為老年綜合征表現之一。衰弱病人具有不明原因的體質量下降、疲勞感、步速減慢等臨床表現,與年齡增長密切相關。衰弱病人容易出現跌倒、譫妄等不良后果,嚴重影響老年人生活質量,甚至增加老年人死亡風險。目前國內外很多研究表明,應用藥物數量可能與衰弱存在聯系。本文圍繞老年人多重用藥、衰弱及二者的聯系進行綜述,旨在提高對老年人多重用藥及衰弱的重視。
[關鍵詞] 老年人;多種藥物療法;衰弱;綜述
[中圖分類號] R453
[文獻標志碼] A
[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)03-0327-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.074
[開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網絡出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200417.0959.013.html;2020-04-18 09:38
RESEARCH ADVANCES IN MULTIPLE DRUG USE AND ASTHENIA IN THE ELDERLY
FEI Chunxiao, HU Song, HOU Xinyue, LIU Jia, MAO Yongjun, XING Ang
(Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT]Multiple drug use in the elderly can lead to the development of geriatric syndrome (GS), and asthenia is one of the major manifestations of GS. Patients with asthenia tend to have the clinical manifestations of unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and slow walking speed, which are closely associated with the increase in age. Patients with asthenia may also experience adverse outcomes such as falls and delirium, which greatly affect their quality of life and even increase the risk of death. At present, many studies in China and foreign countries have shown that the number of medications may be associated with asthenia. This article reviews multiple drug use, asthenia, and their association in the elderly, in order to improve the awareness of multiple drug use and asthenia in the elderly.
[KEY WORDS]aged; polypharmacy; frailty; review
隨著現代社會物質條件提升,人類壽命逐漸延長,到21世紀中葉發達國家27%人口將在65歲及以上,在日本和一些歐洲國家,老年人口比例將超過35%。在發展中國家,平均預期壽命也從40歲上升到60多歲[1]。老年人往往合并多種慢性疾病,2種或2種以上慢性病共同存在即稱為共病。共病可見于2/3的老年人[2],尤其常見于65歲以上老年人[3]。個體疾病種類增多導致老年人同時服用藥物的種類及數量不斷增多,共病合并多重用藥逐漸成為常態。衰弱隨著年齡增長普遍存在,表現為生理儲備能力與應激能力的下降。據文獻報道,85歲及以上人群25%~50%處于衰弱狀態,該人群跌倒、殘疾、長期護理和死亡的風險顯著增加[4]。多重用藥與老年人不良事件也具有相關性,多項研究提示多重用藥與衰弱呈顯著聯系[5]。本文主要針對老年人群多重用藥與衰弱的關系進行綜述。
1 老年人多重用藥
由于傳染病得到有效控制以及人口老齡化加重,慢性病患病率逐年遞增,占據了全球疾病負擔50%以上[6],全球因慢性病死亡人數占近2/3[7]。多重用藥常見于65歲及以上的老年人,這個年齡組老年病人通常存在共病[8]。多重用藥的定義尚未統一,但大部分文獻定義為同時使用5種及以上藥物,同時使用10種及10種以上藥物則被定義為過度多重用藥[9-12]。但也有文獻指出,因為某些藥物同時包含2種或以上藥理活性成分,應以其數量定義,否則可能低估服用5種以上藥物有效成分的人群數量,無法真實反映多重藥物治療的嚴重程度[13]。劉淼等[14]研究顯示,≥80歲老年人多重用藥患病率達64.8%,男性患病率高于女性,人均服藥數量為(7.5±4.4)種,老年人同時服用的藥物數量隨年齡增加呈增長趨勢。多重用藥可能與下列因素相關。①老年人器官功能衰退及脆弱性增加可導致多重用藥,并增加藥物不良反應(ADR)[15]。FIELD等[16]研究顯示,養老院的老年人在服用5種以上藥物時更容易出現ADR。②老年人自主藥物治療現象嚴重,以非處方藥物為代表,此類藥物數量增加可導致多重用藥[15]。③處方級聯:最初由ROCHON等[17]于1995年提出,常發生于長期使用多種藥物治療者。這種現象是指病人接受某一種藥物治療后,這種藥物引起了不良事件,導致以新的藥物處方處理這些不良事件。老年人多重用藥與ADR、藥物-藥物相互作用(DDIs)和潛在不適當藥物
(PIMs)的增加[18-19]以及尿失禁、認知障礙等老年綜合征表現相關[8]。為改善多重用藥,相應的評估工具用于檢測老年人不適當用藥,包括藥物適宜性指數(MAI)、Beers標準、老年人潛在不適當處方篩查工具(STOPP)/老年人處方遺漏篩查工具(START)標準[8]。自1991年以來,由美國老年醫學會(AGS)制定的Beers標準分別于2003、2012、2015年更新;愛爾蘭的STOPP/START標準于2008年發布首版,于2014年更新至第2版,其中包括PIMs(STOPP標準)和PPOs(START標準)。這些評估工具對于一般或者身患疾病、綜合征的老年人的不適當藥物應用起到了監督作用,同時降低了不良事件的發生[20]。
2 老年人衰弱
FRIED等[21]于2001年提出了衰弱表型,但早在20世紀五六十年代,衰弱的概念已經出現在老年醫學相關文獻中[22]。衰弱是指老年人面對應激時脆弱性增加及維持自身穩態能力下降[4,23],涉及神經系統、內分泌系統等多個系統,容易產生跌倒、譫妄等不良事件,甚至增加了死亡風險[4,21]。一項涉及社區754名70歲及以上老年人的前瞻性研究表明,其最常見的死亡原因是衰弱(27.9%),遠高于器官衰竭(21.4%)、癌癥(19.3%)和猝死(2.6%)[24]。另外有研究認為衰弱也包括營養狀態、肌肉力量、認知功能、社會關系及支持等[25-26]。FRIED等[21]指出,衰弱是一種獨特的臨床綜合征,表現為不明原因體質量下降、疲憊、虛弱(握力下降)、步態緩慢、體力活動減少,滿足以上5項標準中3項及以上即可定義為衰弱,滿足1項或2項稱為衰弱前期(Pre-frailty)[27]。由于衰弱定義、納入標準及評估量表不同,衰弱患病率差異較大。巴西一項采用埃德蒙頓虛弱量表進行的橫斷面研究顯示,衰弱患病率為47.2%,女性高于男性,與年齡呈正相關性,與老年獨居、骨關節疾病史以及既往12個月曾有跌倒史等因素密切相關[28]。而2002年FRIED等[21]通過心血管健康研究數據發現,以衰弱表型為標準得出整體衰弱患病率為6.9%,但與前者相同的是,衰弱患病率隨年齡增長而增加,而且多見于女性。多項研究提出衰弱的危險因素與基因、環境、炎癥等相關,包括:①C-反應蛋白、白細胞介素(IL-6)、白細胞計數升高與衰老相關,炎癥通過氧化應激、細胞凋亡等途徑導致衰弱發生[29-30];②良好的營養狀態不易發展為衰弱狀態[31];③肌少癥與衰弱密切相關,可能因為它們某些發病機制相同,比如氧化應激作用、骨骼肌氧化能力降低和線粒體功能障礙與肌少癥和衰弱的發病機制有關[32]。越來越多的衰弱評估工具被應用于量化衰弱程度,包括上述的FRIED標準,以及衰弱指數、埃德蒙頓衰弱量表、衰弱篩查量表、Tilburg衰弱評估量表、格羅寧根衰弱指標(GFI)等。其中最常用的是基于FRIED表型的5項標準,這些評估工具能篩查出衰弱人群并及時干預,減少不良事件發生。
3 老年人多重用藥與衰弱
老年人多重用藥與衰弱導致不適當藥物治療、跌倒、住院時間延長等不良事件發生,越來越多的研究表明多重用藥與衰弱呈相關性。GNJIDIC等[33]發現與衰弱相關的藥物種類數量閾值為6.5種。另一項橫斷面研究表明,歐洲老年人衰弱相關的藥物種類數量閾值為6種[34]。其他研究表明,多重用藥或過度多重用藥(≥10種藥物)導致衰弱發病率或者患病率較高[11,35-36]。HASAN等[10]對馬來西亞65歲以上老年人進行的研究表明,48%的研究對象與多重用藥相關,76%的研究對象處于衰弱狀態,GFI評分為6.4±3.6。該研究同時表明藥物數量與不適當用藥、不適當處方相關,并與GFI正相關。多項臨床研究表明,多重用藥與衰弱可能呈正相關[36-38]。
多重用藥與衰弱兩者相關性的因素總結有以下幾點。①多重用藥可導致衰弱定義中的臨床表現[11,39]。GNJIDIC等[11]隨訪社區≥70歲老年人2年后指出,衰弱老年人較健康老年人在基線水平更容易暴露于高風險處方(多重用藥及過度多重用藥),即使調整如共病數量等協變量后,這些暴露于高風險處方的老年人隨訪2年后仍容易發生衰弱。他們推測藥物數量可能與體質量減輕、營養不良呈線性關系,而體質量減低及營養不良是衰弱的標志。另外,膽堿酯酶抑制劑和滲透性瀉藥可能分別導致體質量減低和肌肉無力[40-41]。②衰弱可能導致多重用藥。VOLAKLIS等[42]調整年齡、性別、BMI、疾病數量等因素后發現,老年人體力活動下降增加多重用藥風險,而增加體力活動則降低其風險。HUSSON等[43]也指出,體力活動缺乏是多重用藥6個獨立危險因素之一。另外,SGANGA等[44]發現老年人步速及握力與多重用藥呈反比關系,即步速更快、握力更大者發生多重用藥的風險更小。定期鍛煉可以抵消生理功能的年齡相關性下降[45-46],減少血小板聚集和凝血,增加纖維蛋白溶解[47]。在訓練高血壓、冠狀動脈疾病及糖尿病病人時,運動減少了其治療的藥物數量[48]。③老年人被視作特殊人群,他們在多方面與年輕人大不相同,比如在共病、多重用藥、藥物代謝動力學以及面對ADR的脆弱性等方面[49]。多重用藥與ADR[37,50]、PIMs[11,36]、藥物不適當處方[51]、依從性低[37]相關,這些都可能導致老年人發展為衰弱。其中多重用藥增加譫妄、跌倒等ADR的風險,常見的藥物包括抗血小板藥物、抗凝藥物、抗精神病藥物、利尿劑、NSAIDS等。多重用藥與藥物不良反應OR比為1.21,與跌倒OR比為1.18。藥物負擔指數(DBI)是一種新的風險評估工具,它結合劑量反應和累積效應參數來衡量抗膽堿能藥和鎮靜藥的暴露程度。老年人DBI升高與功能受損明顯相關[11],在衰弱老年人中DBI與跌倒風險相關。GNJIDIC等[11]發現,DBI與衰弱發展的OR比值在未調整年齡、教育程度、婚姻狀況以及共病數量時為3.19,調整上述因素后為2.14。另外他們指出,最易受到藥物不良反應影響的個體更有可能接受高風險處方(多重用藥及過度多重用藥),而高風險處方治療與2年隨訪后衰弱的發展相關。④處方級聯[17]與多重用藥相關,為了抵消初始藥物的副作用,新藥治療的出現導致了多重用藥[51]。這些級聯過程通常涉及整個藥物類別,包括多種藥物,常見于長期使用多種藥物治療病人。當出現新的癥狀時,錯誤地尋找原因,忽略了藥物相關不良事件,從而啟動一種新的但是不必要的藥物治療,最終影響老年病人的健康[17],增加發生衰弱的風險。
老年人共病及多重用藥現象普遍,造成藥物不良反應多發,甚至出現嚴重不良反應。多重用藥可能與老年人生理功能減退、處方級聯等相關,而衰弱可能與炎癥、營養狀態相關,其病理生理機制以及衰弱增加藥物數量的潛在機制需要進一步探索。另一方面,老年人群藥物吸收、分布、代謝及排泄功能具有特殊性,需要積極借助衰弱及藥物評估工具及時發現不良事件,從而降低老年人跌倒、譫妄、住院時間延長、死亡等風險。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉)
[收稿日期]2019-06-18; [修訂日期]2020-01-25
[基金項目]國家重點研發計劃項目(2018YFC2002100),山東省醫藥衛生科技發展計劃項目(2015BJYB21)
[第一作者]費春曉(1994-),女,碩士研究生。
[通信作者]邢昂(1963-),女,主任醫師,碩士生導師。E-mail:xingang2005@sina.com。