The Mechanism Analysis of Solar Energy Origin

WU Zhimin

Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology,Shanghai 201108

Abstract:Why has the sun burnt for billions of years? What is the mechanism of combustion? What will happen to the trend of solar combustion? Modern humans have only just begun their close-up exploration of the sun.By studying the sun,we can learn more about other stars.The more we understand other stars,the more we will know about the universe in the end.The exploration of the origin of solar energy will help people to deepen their understanding of the origin of the universe as well as the development of the universe.Solar probes will help us further understand the characteristics of the sun,validate relevant theories and make new discoveries.

Key words:solar structure,energy origin,mechanism analysis,probe

1 THE ORIGIN OF SOLAR ENERGY

1.1 Origin of the Universe

The sun is part of the universe.Understanding the origin of the universe will help us understand the origin of the sun.Conversely,if the source of solar energy is understood,the formation of matter in the universe can also be inferred.

The author proposes that the modern universe is the result of a big collision and explosion of the last two giant neutron stars in the pre-universe.The big collision model of the universe states that masses of matter in the pre-universe encountered and merged constantly and ultimately merging into two giant neutron stars,which collided with each other due to their gravitational force,and exploded.After the violent collision,parts of the neutron blocks merged,becoming the center of the universe,while a considerable portion of them flew out,forming massive clusters of star dust “fragments”,which continuously exploded time after time and finally formed the “Five-level fragments” system of the universe.

The “Five-level fragments” system of the universe mainly refers to:

(1) Level 1:“galaxy primordial fragments” (such as the galactic primordial fragments),whose breakups caused the formation of numerous “stellar fragments”;

(2) Level 2:“star fragments” (e.g.the solar system's primordial fragments),those which flew out again formed planets;

(3) Level 3:“planetary primordial fragments” (such as Earth and saturn),of which spattered out to form moons;

(4) Level 4:“satellite fragments” (such as the moon);

(5) Level 5:“minor fragments”,which are countless various kinds of smaller pieces,such as asteroids.

From the analysis on the origin of the universe,we know that the sun is from the “second-level fragments” out of the big collision,a part of the splintered “primordial Milky Way” after breakup.Thus,the original fragments of the sun could be traced back to the neutron stars of the big collision,which explains the source of the solar energy.

1.2 Supplementary Notes on the “Five-Level Fragments” System of the Universe

The fragments of the different levels formed out of the big collision are widely different in mass,however they formed the“Five-level fragments” system of the entire universe.Details are shown in Table 1.

1.3 “Five-level Rotation” System in the Universe

The author postulates the theory of a “Five-level rotation”system in the universe,which holds that all the major galaxies and star clusters in the universe do not move randomly or just drift anywhere,but have certain rules of motion.Reasoning here is that,if not,they would have been attracted to each other by the gravitational pull of matter for billions of years.

From thousands of years of astrological observations,human beings established a variety of calendars,which fully supports the fact that celestial bodies move in a very regular way.In summary,this rule is that there is a “Five-level rotation” system in the universe.

The first level:cosmic rotation motion; (e.g.the orbit rotation of the Milky Way around the center of the universe)

The second level:galaxy system orbit motion; (e.g.the rotation of the solar system around the galactic center)

The third level:star orbit motion; (e.g.the rotation of the Earth around the sun)

The fourth level:planet orbit motion; (e.g.the rotation ofthe moon around the Earth)

Table 1 “Five-level fragments” system of the universe

The fifth level:atomic rotational motion; (e.g.the rotational motion of electrons around their nucleus).

The “Five-level rotation” system in the universe is intrinsically related to the “Five-level fragments” system of the universe.This explains the position and energy level of the sun in the Milky Way galaxy,which will help us understand more precisely where the sun came from and the formation of solar energy.

The sun rotates as it revolves around the center of the Milky Way galaxy,and the planets in the solar system constantly are moving around the sun,along with the satellites orbiting around those planets.All these reflect the motion characteristics of the sun and the solar system,and help us better understand solar wind,moving magnetic field and radiation characteristics generated by the sun's motion.

2 MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF SOLAR COMBUSTION

The solar energy received on Earth is the light and heat radiated due to the sun's combustion.How did the light and heat from the sun form? How does the sun burn? Does the sun's combustion come from nuclear fusion or nuclear fission?

Figure 1 The blazing sun

2.1 The Internal Structure and External Properties of the Sun

After the big collision from the pre-universe,the first-level galaxy (star cluster) neutron fragments were released by the explosion.Once this explosive release subsided the remaining stellar neutron fragments no longer exploded rapidly,but entered a combustion phase,releasing neutrons slowly.The author proposes that the solar energy comes from internal neutron block.

As illustrated above,the core of the sun is a neutron block,which is compressed and would not explode.It's billions of times harder than steel.The surface of the compressed neutron block inside the sun needs to release neutrons,and a neutron release layer was formed (decompression layer).

The outer surface of the neutron release layer began to form neutron complexes,like nuclear fusion.Among the nuclear fusion,there exists single neutron,two neutrons,a combination of three neutrons,and more neutron combinations,which formed a looser neutron binding layer with different numbers that is called the neutron fusion layer.

At this point,the looser neutrons released outside the neutron block gradually began to conditionally release electrons.That plane starts to have protons and electrons,but the electrons cannot completely revolve around the protons,due to the compressed environment not allowing rotation,thus forming an ionic layer.As the outside of the ion layer expands again,electrons then have room to spin around protons (nuclei),forming an atomic layer.

The outermost layer of the sun is the nuclear fission layer where energy comes from combustion and is released into space.

Due to the nuclear fusion inside the sun creatimg unstable atoms that can undergo nuclear fission again at high temperatures,and form all kinds of solar particles,including neutrons,protons,electrons,and various rays and photons,which radiated into the surrounding space.

Herein,we divide the material structure inside the sun into six layers (neutron block,decompression layer,neutron fusion layer,ionic layer,atomic layer and radiation layer).See Figure 2.

Figure 2 Diagram of six layers of solar material structure

The energy source with in the sun comes from the huge energy release from the neutron block,forming a “bivariate characteristic” in the solar heliospheric nucleus,that is fusion and fission.

2.2 Description of the Six Layers of the Solar Structure

Although it is a theoretical postulation that we propose the“six layers of solar structure”,it is also a logical consequence of the intrinsic nature of the sun's existence,almost philosophical as well.Herein,we will give a further outline of the characteristics of the six layers inside the sun.

1) Neutron block

The neutron block is the core of the sun with extreme high density.It's one of hundreds of billions of explosive flying original galactic neutron fragments.The original solar neutron fragment initially had little space between neutrons,which were compressed very tightly.They have very similar properties to the interior of a black hole and have very strong gravity as well.However the gravity of a black hole is so massive that no photon can escape,nothing can escape from it.The neutron fragments within the sun are not as strong as a black hole in terms of gravitational pull and can no longer constrain photons and electrons.The neutrons outside its sub-blocks are no longer tightly packed together.The primordial solar neutron block was unable to completely lock in the tight binding of the outer neutrons.The surface neutrons began to be released and expand with the energy approximately equivalent to the solar radiation value.This is how the sun obtained its energy and also created the first impulse of the solar radiation field.

2) Neutron decompression layer

The decompression layer is the expanding layer that is gradually releasing neutrons from the outer layer of the solar neutron block.The reason is that neutrons in the outer layers of the solar neutron block can no longer be squeezed together at high density,and the distance between them varies from less than 1% to close to 100% of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.The compressed neutrons come out one by one,and the gap between neutrons in the outer layer gradually increases.The neutrons have not become free neutrons yet and are still subject to interaction.The expansion force of neutrons mainly exists in the decompression layer that expands outward and transfers a lot of energy.

3) Neutron fusion layer

When the highly compressed neutrons in the outer decompression layer are released,some neutrons became individual neutrons,some gather in groups of two,three,four,five,or more neutrons.At the initial stage,there is not enough gaps for electrons to be released,once the electrons in the neutrons are released,they will become the wall between the original nuclei.This is a process where the neutrons outside the decompression layer expand and fuse with each other emitting huge amounts of energy.Except for the single neutron,the combination of more than two neutrons is the process of nuclear fusion.Of course,the combination of more than two neutrons that originally came together is itself a form of nuclear fusion.

4) Ionic layer

When neutrons outside of the sun's fusion layer are released,the gaps between them gradually increase.Some of the neutrons' outer electrons have a chance to be released when the gaps can accommodate electrons.At this point,the electrons released and the neutrons that released electrons became ions.Because the gaps between protons,electrons and neutrons are less than the diameter of an atom,the electrons can not completely revolve around protons (nucleus).Protons,neutrons and electrons in this layer can only exist independently,and keeping vibrating.This layer is just like an ionic layer“porridge”,oscillating violently inside the solar ionic layer.

5) Atomic layer

With the continuous expansion of the gaps between ions outside the solar ionic layer it makes the gaps between the very crowded ions reach the diameter of a hydrogen atom,enabling an oscillating electron to move around the proton,hence a hydrogen atom is born.Due to the further expansion outside the ionic layer,the gaps between the protons widened,thus enabling the formation of various atoms,including the atoms of hydrogen,helium,lithium,and other elements,thus forming atomic layers of different elements.The most abundant element in the atomic layer should be the hydrogen atom.If there were neutrons in hydrogen atoms,they should be isotopes.The second most element in the atomic layer would be helium atoms,then lithium atoms and all sorts of other atoms of all sizes.In general,the larger the nucleus,the less stable the bond will be.Under the considerable heat pressure of the solar ion layer,the already formed atoms can split again to form new elements.Nuclear fission releases new energy again of course.

6) Radiation layer

Whatever the cause,neutron release and fusion,ion oscillations,atomic formation,or nuclear fission produces huge amounts of energy with the movement of matter.The motion of matter at every level of the sun creates enormous heat,and results in the generation of a flood of photons,electrons,protons,neutrinos,and all kinds of rays.The sun shines in all directions and creates a massive solar wind as the sun moves.Even in the outer atomic layer of the sun,the atoms that have been fused together,due to the fact all matter cannot withstand the impact of the great heat pressure,will undergo nuclear fission again,which then again generates tremendous energy which is radiated into space.This explains why the sun's spectrum is so diverse.The particles thrown out of the sun include neutrinos,protons,electrons,various ions and photons,as well as x-rays.

From the above explanations of the six levels of solar material structure,we have a preliminary comprehension of the reasons how the sun obtains its energy,and why has it been burning for so long,why solar surface radiation particles,rays and photons are so abundant and why the sun's spectrum varies.

The source of solar energy lies in the release of neutrons from high-density neutron blocks,where the important properties are the nuclear fusion and nuclear fission inside the sun(referred to as double-variant property).

2.3 Previous Understanding of the Sun's Structure

We can see from Figure 3 that outside the solar nucleus is the atmosphere,which includes photosphere,chromospheres,and corona.External solar activities include macula,solar flare,and solar winds.

Figure 3 Solar structure distribution diagram

What's in the sun's nucleus? Where does the energy come from? What happens inside the sun? We don't really know.That's what people used to think about the sun.The problem was that previous scientific accounts of the complex process of energy formation inside the sun has been incomplete,in other words,the source of the sun's internal energy was not well understood.

2.4 The Richness of the Sun's External Appearance

We have already explained that solar energy originates from neutron blocks,which releases more energy than that of atomic energy.The release process could continue for billions of years.Only when the neutrons from the outer layers of the sun's nucleus are released can they form individual free neutrons and some nuclei that fuse together.This is the process by which huge amounts of energy are released from the outer layers of the sun's nucleus,as well as during nuclear fusion.If a single neutron does not release electrons,it is a neutrino; if a single neutron releases an electron,it can form a hydrogen atom.Two hydrogen atoms bounded together form a hydrogen molecule (H2).The bounded two neutrons release an electron to form an isotope of hydrogen,called deuterium.Every 6,000 hydrogen atoms have one hydrogen-2,whose nucleus is made of one proton and one neutron.Ifthree neutrons are bounded and release one electron they form tritium (hydrogen-3),which is rare,with a nucleus consists of a proton and two neutrons.The number of neutrons inside the nuclei of the outer layers of the sun determines the different properties of the elements.The number of neutrons of an atom determines the isotope characteristics of an element.

So,the solar atomic layer matter is very rich,a combination of various elements.The most abundant state of matter in this layer is the state in which a single electron rotates around a single proton.That is the hydrogen atom,which makes up more than 70 percent of the material on the surface of the sun.Of course,a hydrogen atom can have isotope,hydrogen can be formed under relatively easy conditions.The second most common state is two electrons rotating around a bounded two protons,which is helium (He).The next is three electrons rotating around a bounded three protons,which is lithium (Li).More electrons can rotate around more bounded protons,in which there can also be one or more neutrons in the nucleus without separating electrons,that will make an isotope of the element.

Spectrum analysis shows the diversity of solar matter.The analysis of the solar spectrum began in Newton's time.Newton discovered the sun's colorful spectrum with a three-pass mirror to show the abundance of material on the surface of the sun.Now with spectral analysis,neutrinos,protons,electrons,and all kinds of radiation emitted from the sun's surface can be detected indicating that the sun emits a wide variety of matter.If looking closely with a solar probe,more unexpected results will be observed than from the Earth.Therefore,developed countries are constantly launching various solar probes to conduct further observation to understand the sun.

3 THE NECESSITY TO PROBE THE SUN

The sun is the most important star for human beings.It is necessary to explore the sun for the benefit of humankind,as well as an important symbol demonstrating progress on the new stage with space technology.

On December 10,1974,Germany and the United States jointly launched the space probe Helios,which reached a heliocentric orbit of 0.309 astronomical units (about 46.35 million kilometers) at perihelion (see Figure 4).On October 6,1990,the space shuttle Discovery launched the Ulysses solar probe into space,launching exploration of the sun into a new phase(see Figure 5).On August 12,2018,the United States successfully launched the Parker solar probe (see Figure 6),which will enable for the first time to observe the sun at a close range through the corona.

At present,China still lags behind the United States,Japan,Europe and Russia in exploring planets,the sun,galaxies,black holes and the cosmic background.To become a world recognized space power,we must take the lead in exploration and development in this important space sector.

Figure 4 Helios 1

Figure 5 Ulysses solar probe

Figure 6 Parker solar probe

Up to now,human knowledge of the sun is still very superficial.In the future,people will explore further into the sun.The more we know about the sun,the more we will know about the stars; and then,it will expand our understanding of the origin and development of the universe.This is a necessity and will become an inevitability of man's exploration of the sun.

Figure 7 New solar probe of ESA

With this backdrop the European Space Agency (ESA) has developed a new solar probe (see Figure 7),which is being tested in Germany.It is scheduled to be launched from the United States in 2020.The spacecraft is scheduled to reach a distance of 45 million kilometers from the sun in 2022 to study how the sun works.The probe should operate for 7 to 10 years.

As shown in Figure 8,the surface of the sun is in a state of“boiling” motion.This phenomenon needs further exploration and verification by solar probes.

Figure 8 The “boiling” motion of the surface of the sun

Figure 9 Features of the sun's surface under different electromagnetic spectra

As shown in Figure 9,there are differences in the “boiling”motion of the sun's surface identified from different observation reception frequencies.Because the frequency of observation is different,the wavelength is different,and the results are naturally different.

Figure 10 shows the state of material movement on the surface of the sun.Flares also occur during combustion,sometimes ejecting material from the burning process to form prominences.

The movement of dark spots,or sunspots,on the surface of the sun is shown in Figure 11.

The United States launched a solar probe,so one may question why does Europe plan to send a further solar probe,this is because the human understanding of the sun has not been finalized,this is a process of increasing our fundamental understanding.

In the future,humans will definitely launch various forms of new space probes to enable even more deeper exploration of the material structural characteristics inside the sun.

Figure 11 The motion characteristics of dark spots on the surface of the sun

Figure 10 An intuitive record of solar activity

4 CONCLUSIONS

We postulate new theories including “the big collision of the universe”,“Five-level fragments system of the universe”,“Five-level rotation system in the universe”,“the sun's energy came from neutron fragments”,and “six layers of solar structure”,especially the sun “double-variant property”.The contents of these original theoretical postulations are very profound involving the origin of the universe,the general laws of the universe,the internal combustion mechanism of stars,and the formation of stars.

However,dispute can only be tested by practice.The launch of solar probes is one of the important means to test the theory of the origin of solar energy in practice.This is our expectation and preliminary requirement in the space field.The development of science and technology will also enable intelligent human beings to go further,think more and explore more widely.