蘆海燕 杜少杰 楊立強



[摘要] 目的 探討加速康復外科理念對高齡骨性關節炎患者全膝關節置換術后康復的影響。 方法 選擇2018年1月—2020年1月北京市東城區第一人民醫院擇期行膝關節置換術的高齡患者86例,根據隨機數字表法分為E組和T組,E組(n = 43)應用加速康復外科理念指導圍術期管理,T組(n = 43)采用常規治療。記錄術前及術后24 h匹茲堡睡眠質量評分(PQSI),術后24 h惡心嘔吐評分(PONV),入院第2天、術日晨、術后24 h及48 h空腹血糖水平,術后24、48 h疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS),術前及術后7 d膝關節綜合評分(AKS),術前禁飲時間、術中液體出入量情況、初次下床活動時間及住院時間。 結果 T組術后24 h PQSI評分高于術前,E組24 h PQSI評分低于T組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05);E組術日晨、術后24 h及48 h空腹血糖與T組比較,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05),T組各時間點空腹血糖比較,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),E組入院第2天和術日晨空腹血糖比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),其余時間點比較,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05);術后24 h及48 h VAS評分E組均低于T組,T組術后48 h VAS評分低于術后24 h,比較差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05);術后7 d AKS評分兩組組間及組內比較,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);兩組在禁飲時間、初次下床活動時間、住院時間、輸入液體總量、出血量及尿量比較,差異有統計學意義(均P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 結論 加速康復外科理念對高齡骨性關節炎患者全膝關節置換術圍術期快速康復影響顯著,能夠明顯改善患者圍術期不適,保持內環境穩定,有利于術后康復并減少住院時間。
[關鍵詞] 加速康復外科學;高齡;全膝關節置換術;圍術期快速康復
[中圖分類號] R473.6 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)08(c)-0177-04
Influence of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients after total knee arthroplasty
LU Haiyan1 ? DU Shaojie2 ? YANG Liqiang3
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing ? 100075, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Handan Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Handan ? 056001, China; 3.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing ? 100053, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis after total knee arthroplasty. Methods From January 2018 to January 2020, 86 elderly patients undergoing knee arthroplasty in the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing were selected. Group E and Group T were divided according to the random number table method. Group E (n = 43) was guided by the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery during perioperative management, while group T (n = 43) was treated with routine therapy. Pittsburgh sleep quality score (PQSI) was recorded before surgery and 24 h after surgery and nausea and vomiting score (PONV) was recorded 24 h after surgery. Fasting blood glucose levels on the second day of admission, the morning of surgery, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, visual analogue scale (VAS) at 24 h and 48 h after surgery, the Amercian knee society (AKS) before and seven days after surgery, preoperative duration of abstinence, intraoperative fluid inflow and outflow, time of first getting out of bed and length of stay were recorded. Results PQSI score 24 h after surgery in group T was higher than that before surgery, and PQSI score at 24 h after surgery in group E was lower than that in group T, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05); Compared with group T, fasting blood glucose in group E on the morning of operation, 24 h and 48 h after operation showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Comparison of fasting blood glucose in T group at each time point showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose and on the second day of admission and the morning of operation in group E (P > 0.05). The differences between the remaining time points were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); VAS score at 24 h and 48 h after surgery in group E were lower than those in group T, and 48 h after surgery in group T was lower than that 24 h after surgery, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05); AKS scores on seven days after surgery showed statistically significant differences between and within the two groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the duration of abstinence, time of first getting out of bed, length of hospital stay, total amount of fluid input, blood loss and urine output (all P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion The concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery has a significant impact on the perioperative rapid rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis, which can significantly improve the perioperative discomfort of patients, maintain a stable internal environment, and is conducive to postoperative rehabilitation and reduce the length of hospital stay.
[Key words] Enhanced recovery after surgery; Elderly; Total knee arthroplasty; Perioperative rapid rehabilitation
膝關節骨性關節炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)發病率逐年上升,研究表明[1-2],截至2012年我國近20萬例患者接受了全膝關節置換術(total knee arthroplasty,TKA),術后康復成為其重要組成部分。Henrik Kehlet首次提出加速康復外科(ehhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念[3],采用有詢證醫學證據的優化措施,減少創傷應激,達到快速康復目的[4]。本研究探討ERAS理念對高齡骨性關節炎患者TKA后快速康復的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2018年1月—2020年1月北京市東城區第一人民醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)擇期行TKA的高齡患者86例。患者及家屬同意后簽署知情同意書。根據隨機數字表法分為快速康復的E組(n = 43)及常規治療的T組(n = 43)。納入標準:①年齡60~81歲;②美國麻醉醫師協會分級(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ級。排除標準:①凝血功能障礙患者;②穿刺部位感染、血腫患者;③惡性腫瘤患者。兩組性別、年齡、身高、體重指數(BMI)比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究經我院醫學倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 T組 ?術前兩周戒煙酒。控制血壓< 150/90 mmHg[5](1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa),血糖6.1~7.8 mmol/L[6-7],血紅蛋白(Hb)>100 g/L。麻醉醫生及護士共同訪視患者,宣教ERAS理念及流程。術前12 h口服短效安定類藥物。術前8 h禁肉類食物,6 h禁固體及乳制品,術前2 h飲清水≤5 mL/kg。麻醉前行股神經及坐骨神經阻滯,分別給予0.25%羅哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB,批號:NAVW)20 mL和25 mL。麻醉后放置尿管并早期拔除。術中體溫管理及限制性輸液[8](<1500 mL)。手術開始即泵入右美托咪定0.1 μg/(kg·h)(揚子江制藥有限公司,批號:19010431)鎮靜。應用個體化血液管理方案(patient blood management,PBM)進行血液回收輸注。
1.2.2 E組 ?訪視患者,評估基本情況。術前禁食水8 h。焦慮者術前晚口服安定類藥物。手術開始給予咪達唑侖0.04 mg/kg(江蘇恩華藥業股份有限公司,批號:20180105)鎮靜。
兩組均應用腰硬聯合麻醉,蛛網膜下腔給予1%羅哌卡因1.5 mL(AstraZeneca AB,批號:NAVW)+5%葡萄糖1.5 mL(中國大冢制藥有限公司,批號:9K86J1)。術畢均安裝靜脈自控鎮痛泵(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA):舒芬太尼1 μg/kg(宜昌人福藥業有限責任公司,批號:81B10011)+托烷司瓊15 mg(西南藥業股份有限公司,批號:1811001),0.9%生理鹽水(中國大冢制藥有限公司,批號:9J83J3)稀釋為200 mL,背景劑量1 mL/h,追加劑量2 mL/h,鎖定時間30 min。手術及麻醉操作均由同一手術醫師及麻醉醫師完成。
1.3 觀察與評價指標
記錄術前及術后24 h匹茲堡睡眠質量評分(PQSI)[9],術前及術后7 d膝關節綜合評分(AKS)[10],入院第2天、術日晨、術后24 h及48 h空腹血糖,術后24 h惡心嘔吐評分(PONV)[11],術后24 h及48 h疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)[12]。記錄禁飲時間、術中液體出入量情況(輸入液體總量、出血量及尿量)、初次下床活動時間及住院院時間。
路桃影等[13]、Zheng[14]按國內常模將PQSI評分劃分7個維度,每個維度0~3分,總分0~21分,總分越高睡眠質量越差。PONV評分中視覺模擬評分法最常用[15],取10 cm直尺,0端表示無惡心嘔吐,10端表示最嚴重惡心嘔吐。AKS評分包括膝評分100分(疼痛50分、膝關節活動度25分、穩定性25分)和功能評分100分(行走距離50分,上下樓梯50分,使用輔助工具者相應減分)。VAS評分:0分表示無痛,10分表示最劇烈疼痛。
1.4 統計學方法
采用SPSS 20.0統計軟件對所得數據進行統計學分析,符合正態分布的計量資料采用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,配對資料采用配對t檢驗;計數資料采用百分率表示,重復測量資料采用重復測量方差分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組PQSI及PONV評分比較
兩組術前PSQI評分比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),E組術后24 h PSQI評分低于T組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),T組術后24 h PQSI評分高于術前,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),E組組內比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。T組術后24 h PONV評分高于E組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組空腹血糖比較
不滿足對稱性檢驗P = 0.003,按Greenhoue-Geisser法獲取F值和P值。F時間×組間 = 60.650;P時間×組間<0.001,提示存在交互作用,進一步分析單獨效應:組內比較:T組各個時間點血糖比較,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05),術后24 h高于入院第2天、術日晨、術后48 h;E組入院第2天血糖和術日晨比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),其他時間點比較差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05),術后24 h大于入院第2天、術日晨、術后48 h(P < 0.05)。組間比較:入院第2天兩組血糖比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),其余各時間點比較,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.3 兩組VAS及AKS評分比較
E組術后24、48 h VAS評分明顯低于T組(P < 0.05),T組術后48 h VAS評分低于術后比較,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),E組組內比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。E組術后7 d AKS評分高于T組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),兩組術后7 d AKS評分均明顯高于術前,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見表4。
2.4 兩組禁飲時間、初次下床活動時間、住院時間比較
E組禁飲時間、初次下床活動時間及住院時間均明顯短于T組(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。見表5。
2.5 兩組液體出入量比較
液體輸入總量E組明顯低于T組,出血量及尿量也均明顯少于T組(均P < 0.01)。見表6。
3 討論
TKA能夠重建關節功能,提高生活質量[16-19],是治療KOA的有效方法[20-21],但手術創傷大,圍術期管理不當會導致關節功能恢復不良等[22]。應用ERAS可減輕應激反應、提高術后舒適度、促進康復。
本研究將ERAS應用于高齡患者TKA圍術期管理,結果顯示疼痛、睡眠、惡心嘔吐反應及膝關節功能治療效果均顯著優于傳統治療。禁飲時間縮短,患者術日晨血糖接近術前血糖水平,由于創傷應激,術后血糖均有波動,但ERAS波動小于傳統治療,同時實施術中控制性輸液[23-24],降低前負荷,減少氧耗[25],出血量及尿量減少。ERAS鎮痛充分,早期進行功能鍛煉促進康復,縮短住院時間。自體血液回輸減少創傷所致紅細胞丟失,提高攜氧能力,對術后認知功能影響小[26]。
麻醉管理是圍術期規范化管理的重要組成部分,是促進術后康復的重要環節,最大限度地減少焦慮和應激反應,提高依從性[27]。近期有研究提出“預康復”理念[28],即在術前提高患者各項功能水平,優化生理儲備,提高應激閾值等,將ERAS理念拓寬到術前麻醉門診的評估及自主訓練指導等,制訂更加個體化的康復方案。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-10)