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社區老年人營養狀況與骨質疏松癥和肌肉減少癥風險的關系

2020-10-14 23:57:49鄭熙李淑梅方圓
上海醫藥 2020年18期
關鍵詞:老年人

鄭熙 李淑梅 方圓

摘 要 目的:探討老年人的營養狀況與骨質疏松癥(OP)和肌肉減少癥篩查結果之間的關系。方法:以2018年6月15日-2019年7月15日在上海市虹口區江灣鎮社區衛生服務中心自愿參加體檢的954名60歲及以上的老年人為研究對象,其中男性441人,女性513人。應用微型營養評估簡表(MNA-SF)對受試者進行營養評估,使用跟骨定量超聲儀測量跟骨的骨密度(T值),通過測量握力(HS)和4米步態速度(GS)來評估肌肉力量與功能。結果:共發現營養不良及營養不良風險者174例(18.2%)。不同營養狀況的OP風險分布差異具有統計學意義(P<0.001)。營養狀況與GS(r=0.113,P<0.001)、HS(r=0.087,P=0.007)和T值(r=0.185,P<0.001)有顯著相關性。結論:營養不良的老年人骨質疏松癥和肌肉減少癥的易患風險較高,應盡早對該類人群進行高危篩查和確診檢查。

關鍵詞 骨質疏松癥;肌肉減少癥;老年人;營養狀況;篩查

中圖分類號:R681 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2020)18-0041-06

The relationship between nutritional status and the risk of osteoporosis and sarcopenia of the elderly in the community

ZHENG Xi1, LI Shumei2, FANG Yuan1(1. General Practice Department of Jiangwan Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200434, China; 2. Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai Fourth Peoples Hospital, Shanghai 200081, China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relationship between nutritional status and screening results of osteoporosis(OP) and sarcopenia in the elderly. Methods: From June 15, 2018 to July 15, 2019 954 elderly persons aged 60 and above who voluntarily participated in medical examinations were taken as the research objects in Jiangwan Community, Shanghai, including 441 males and 513 females. Mini nutritional assessment-short form(MNA-SF) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the subjects, the bone mineral density(T value) of calcaneus was measured by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound, and muscle strength and function were evaluated by measuring grip strength(HS) and gait speed(GS) of 4 meters. Results: There were 174 cases(18.2%) with malnutrition and malnutrition risk found. The difference in OP risk distribution between different nutritional statuses was statistically significant(P<0.001). Nutritional status was significantly correlated with GS(r=0.113, P<0.001), HS(r=0.087, P=0.007) and T value(r=0.185, P<0.001). Conclusion: Elderly people with malnutrition have a higher risk of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, and high-risk screening and definitive diagnosis should be conducted for this group of people as early as possible.

KEY WORDS osteoporosis; sarcopenia; elderly people; nutritional status; screening

根據國家統計局第六次全國人口普查,2011年60歲及以上人口約為1.8億,老齡化問題日益嚴重[1]。營養不良往往會對老年人健康造成嚴重影響[2]。目前已被證實,營養不良與社區老年人身體機能下降有關[3],如造成骨骼結構和強度的破壞,甚至是肌肉的萎縮[4],最終導致骨質疏松癥(Osteoporosis,OP)和肌肉減少癥(以下簡稱“肌少癥”)。

OP患者因骨強度下降,和/或肌少癥因肌肉力量和活動能力減弱,導致平衡能力下降而跌倒,兩者均被認為容易并發脆性骨折,漸已成為全球性健康問題,會給老齡化社會帶來沉重的經濟負擔[5-7]。而且OP和肌少癥存在共同的病理生理因素[8]。但目前我國居民對這兩種疾病的重視度不夠,檢查率不高,一旦發生脆性骨折,將嚴重降低患者的生活質量[9]。因此,評估老年人營養狀況是篩查OP和肌少癥的重要環節。本文旨在探討老年人營養狀況與OP和肌少癥篩查結果的相關性。

OP曾被認為是衰老的自然結果,但它卻是一種由于骨量流失而被忽視的疾病[28]。2016年的一項研究顯示,我國大陸50歲及以上人群的OP患病率已上升至27.96%[29]。本研究結果顯示,83.6%的老年人屬于OP中風險和高風險,但年齡與T值無相關性。然而,一項年齡跨度為28歲至90歲的研究表明,無論男性還是女性,隨著年齡增長,跟骨超聲聲速檢測會降低[30]。可能原因是年齡跨度較大,涵蓋了一部分年齡小于60歲的人群。

本研究發現,T值與HS和GS呈正相關。相關研究也提示肌少癥可能與低骨量和OP有關[31]。同時,Locquet等[32]的研究提示,患有肌損傷的老年人骨健康較差。2013年日本一項研究發現,OP女性患者的肌少癥患病率達到29.7%[33]。因此,需要對老年人進行常規OP和肌少癥風險篩查,以減少肌肉和骨量的損失[34],防止OP和肌少癥的發生。

肌少癥是與增齡相關的骨骼肌質量減少,并出現肌肉強度下降的疾病,多發于老年人。本研究根據HS和GS的標準,老年人患有肌少癥風險的比例分別為16.4%和3.1%,均低于既往研究[35]。可能原因有(1)缺乏更多的篩選指標;(2)本地區經濟條件較好;(3)本地區居民生活質量較高,自我健康意識較強。

本研究發現,HS和GS之間存在顯著正相關。有人開發了一種新的、簡單的肌少癥篩查工具[36],內容僅包括年齡、小腿圍和HS,并未包含GS,可能是小腿圍可部分反映GS的緣故。

參考文獻

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