倪培英
這三年在高考英語備考中筆者發現我校的學生對于解答閱讀理解題準確率不高,缺乏背景知識,且對語篇的理解不透徹。《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》對高中階段必修的理解性技能有如下規定:①從語篇中提取主要信息和觀點,理解語篇要義;②理解語篇中顯性或隱性的邏輯關系;③把握語篇中主要事件的來龍去脈;④抓住語篇中的關鍵概念和關鍵細節;⑤根據語篇標題預測語篇的主題和內容;⑥根據上下文線索或非文字信息推斷詞語的意義;⑦借助話語中的語氣和語調理解說話者的意圖等。閱讀是我國考生學習和使用外語的最主要途徑,因此,在高考中閱讀理解題所占的權重較大。
閱讀理解題主要的考查點為:細節理解、語義理解、主旨理解、推理判斷等,相對比較之下,難度最大而且最容易出錯的應該是推理判斷題。這類試題要求考生根據文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理,推測作者未明確提到的事實或某事件發展的趨勢。主要是要求考生推斷隱含意義,有時也會要求考生推斷文章出處、識別語篇類型,以及推斷文中人物或組織的觀點態度等。
考點一:推斷隱含意思
該類題一般是根據文章字面的語句推斷出作者更深一層的含義,要求考生根據一些零碎的信息對語篇進行更深層次的理解,其常見的設題方式為“We can infer that . . .”“What can we infer about . . .?”“What can we infer from . . .?”“What can we learn about . . .?”“What do we learn about . . .?”“What will probably . . .?”
【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president .The answer broke his heart .Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public .He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀)about themselves .
“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident .”
We can infer that the purpose of Whaley s project is to .
A .help students see their own strengths
B .assess students public speaking skills
C .prepare students for their future jobs
D .inspire students love for politics
解析: A .推理判斷題 .根據倒數第二段“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public .He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves .”和最后一段“boasting about yourself,and your best qualities”可推知,Whaley老師發起總統競選活動是為了幫助學生建立自信,看到自己的優點,“strength”意為“優點”,故答案選A。
解答這類試題,一定要根據文章提供的事實和線索去推斷,而不是主觀臆想,要做到推測有理,判斷有據。因此,首先要在文中找到依據,然后理解其字面意思,再據此進行邏輯推理,做出判斷,最后比較各選項,確定正確選項。即“一找二理,三推四比”。
考點二:推斷文章出處
該類題偶爾會在全國卷出現,題干中常有“come from”或“take from”,要求考生根據文章的中心思想推斷出文章的出處,應對全文進行理解,找出關鍵詞塊,再對選項進行理解,確定正確選項。
【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物測量)technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces .At present, these technologies are still expensive, though .
. . . . . .
Where is this text most likely from?
A .A diary . B .A guidebook .
C .A novel . D .A magazine .
解析: D .推理判斷題 .根據首段提到的“data and identity theft”和“fingerprint scans”這些關鍵詞,再結合文章的主旨可知,本文介紹一種防止個人身份和數據在電子空間被盜的高科技智能鍵盤,由此可推斷本文最有可能刊登在 (科學)雜志上。
解答這類試題,最主要是能抓住文章的中心思想,要根據文章內容、文體特征或某些關鍵詞去推斷。
考點三:識別語篇類型
這種題型主要是要求考生識別出文章是通知、報告、日記、科幻小說等各種不同的類型,在全國卷中出現的比較少,難度也不會很大,主要是抓住文章的主旨大意,再根據選項進行排查,最終確定正確選項。
【典型例題剖析】2014年全國課標I卷
The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the
sixth annual Curiosity Challenge .The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing . . .
Students are being dared to draw a picture . . .
Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony . . .
. . .The program guidelines and other related information are available at: http:// cambridgesciencefestival .org .
What type of writing is this text?
A .An exhibition guide .
B .An art show review .
C .An announcement .
D .An official report .
解析: C .推理判斷題 .由第一句“The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge .劍橋科學節很高興地通知您第六屆創意挑戰大賽”可知,這是一則通知,關鍵詞是“inform you of . . .”。故選C項。其他選項“展覽指南”“藝展評論”“官方報告”易排除。
這類試題的答題技巧可根據首句、文體特征和某些關鍵詞來識別出語篇所屬的類型。
考點四:推斷文中人物或組織的觀點態度
該類試題要求考生閱讀文章中人物或組織相關的話語或描述,以此來推斷出該人物或組織的觀點態度,題目的題干中常出現“opinion”“attitude”“feel about”等詞。
【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard .Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates .The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts .The team hopes to make it to market in the near future .
30 .What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A .It ll be environment-friendly .
B .It ll reach consumers soon .
C .It ll be made of plastics .
D .It ll help speed up typing .
解析: B .推理判斷題 .該題要求推理文中人物researchers的觀點,根據最后一段“the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts .The team hopes to make it to market in the near future”可知,實現智能鍵盤商業化很容易,并且其造價并不昂貴,因此研發團隊希望在不久的將來能將其投放市場;再對比選項“它將是環保的”“它很快就會到達消費者手中”“它將由塑料制成”“它有助于加快打字速度”,故答案為B。
解答該類題型考生首先應找出該人物或組織相關的話語或描述,或者所引用的句子和事例,理解語篇深層的含義,再根據選項進行排除,確定正確選項。
總結
近幾年的高考試卷也一直秉承“突出語篇,強調應用,注重實際”的設計原則,將考試的重點放在語篇上,側重考查學生的閱讀能力,檢測學生對語篇的解析和領悟能力。因此推理判斷題通常要求考生不僅要理解語篇的文字信息,而且還要進行一定的推理和判斷,并以此推斷出文章的隱含意思。考生在作答該類題型的時候,切記不要加入個人的主觀思想在其中,這種題型屬于主觀性很強的高層次閱讀理解題,很多時候在作答的時候就把個人的想法考慮在內,因此導致得分率低,一定要根據文章中的細節信息,按照作者的思想傾向,特別是要根據一些含有某些感情色彩的單詞和自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷,最終得出符合邏輯的結論,做到有理有據。
責任編輯 黃博彥