彭雅茗 楊艷 周廣舉
摘要:鈉葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制劑是一種新型口服降血糖藥物,其降糖機制是抑制SGLT2,減少葡萄糖的重吸收。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SGLT2抑制劑可能導(dǎo)致骨折、截肢風險增加。本文主要對SGLT2抑制劑對糖尿病患者骨代謝、骨密度、骨折、截肢的影響及其影響因素進行綜述,旨在為高危患者的臨床用藥提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:鈉葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白2抑制劑;糖尿病;骨密度;骨代謝;骨折;截肢
中圖分類號:R587.7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.23.008
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)23-0022-05
Abstract:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a new type of oral hypoglycemic drug,its hypoglycemic mechanism is to inhibit SGLT2 and reduce glucose re-absorption. It has been reported that SGLT2 inhibitor may increase the risk of fracture and amputation.The present paper seeks to summarize relevantresearch on the effects and possible influencing factors of SGLT2 inhibitor on bone metabolism, bone mineral density, fracture and amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus,toprovide reference for clinical medication of high-risk patients.
Key words:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor;Diabetesmellitus;Bone mineral density;Bonemetabolism;Fracture;Amputation
數(shù)據(jù)顯示,預(yù)計到2040年,全世界20~79歲的糖尿病患病人數(shù)將增加到6.42億,患病率將達到10.4%[1]。隨著糖尿病患病率和總?cè)藬?shù)的上升,新型降糖藥發(fā)展迅速,SGLT2抑制劑廣泛應(yīng)用的同時也帶來了骨折、截肢等副作用[2,3]。生理狀態(tài)下,腎臟的近端小管幾乎重吸收全部葡萄糖,而SGLT2主要分布在近端小管中,協(xié)同吸收鈉和葡萄糖[4]。與傳統(tǒng)降糖藥作用機理不同的是,SGLT2抑制劑通過選擇性阻斷SGLT2,特異性抑制早期近端小管內(nèi)鈉和葡萄糖吸收,從而促進尿糖排泄。通過這種方式,其降低血糖并不依賴胰島素,所以不會增加低血糖的風險。而糖尿病本身可以影響患者骨折與截肢的風險,SGLT2抑制劑的使用會進一步增加這種風險[5-7],且不同種類的SGLT2抑制劑對骨骼的影響不同[8,9]。本文主要就SGLT2抑制劑對糖尿病患者骨折和截肢風險的影響進行綜述,旨在幫助臨床明確其具體機制,從而改善高危患者的預(yù)后結(jié)局。
1糖尿病與骨折、截肢
1.1糖尿病對骨折的影響 ?研究指出,2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者比一般人群更易骨折[10]。不僅糖尿病本身能直接降低骨轉(zhuǎn)換和骨強度、減少骨形成,其多種伴發(fā)因素也會導(dǎo)致骨折的風險增加,如糖尿病合并肥胖患者骨脆性增加,跌倒風險上升,更易發(fā)生骨折。此外,骨質(zhì)疏松、少肌癥、與糖尿病相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥、糖尿病病程、血糖控制程度都會增加骨折的風險[10-12]。Wallander M等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年T2DM患者的骨折風險增加,主要骨折部位為髖部。Liu J等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM患者肢體骨折的風險較高,這種關(guān)系在腿部或踝部骨折中更為明顯。Vilaca T等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病與踝部骨折風險增加相關(guān),和腕部骨折風險減少相關(guān)。該研究認為,踝部骨折風險與體重和身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)增加有關(guān),而肥胖的糖尿病人群更易從側(cè)方或者后方跌倒,因此腕部骨折的風險較低。
1.2糖尿病對截肢的影響 ?糖尿病是全球非創(chuàng)傷性截肢的主要病因,患者下肢截肢的風險是普通人群的15倍[6]。糖尿病患者下肢截肢的主要危險因素是糖尿病足,而糖尿病足與糖尿病神經(jīng)病變、糖尿病微血管病變密切相關(guān)[6]。糖尿病微血管病變血管壁損傷,基底膜增厚,管腔狹窄甚至閉塞,出現(xiàn)微循環(huán)缺血、缺氧,進而導(dǎo)致器官功能障礙[15]。糖尿病神經(jīng)病變肢體末梢保護性感覺減弱或喪失,自主神經(jīng)、運動神經(jīng)功能受損可引起皮膚干燥、姿勢與協(xié)調(diào)缺陷、足部生物力學(xué)改變,長期將導(dǎo)致下肢感染、潰瘍形成和深部組織的損傷,最終發(fā)展為截肢。Hicks CW等[16]的研究證實了糖尿病截肢風險與糖尿病周圍神經(jīng)病變相關(guān)。另外,骨髓炎對糖尿病患者截肢的發(fā)生率也有一定作用[6],外周動脈疾病也會增加糖尿病足潰瘍不愈合和截肢的風險[17]。Shin JY等[18]研究指出,糖尿病病程、血糖控制程度、吸煙史、既往截肢史是糖尿病截肢的重要危險因素,男性和吸煙糖尿病患者是預(yù)防糖尿病足和截肢的首要目標。
2 SGLT2抑制劑與骨折
2.1 SGLT2抑制劑對骨代謝的影響 ?SGLT2抑制劑可減少近端小管細胞頂膜中鈉的重吸收,化學(xué)梯度改變后鈉磷酸鹽共轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的活性增加,導(dǎo)致近端小管中磷酸鹽的重吸收和甲狀旁腺素(PTH)的分泌增加,并且潛在增加了成纖維細胞生長因子23(FGF23)的分泌,導(dǎo)致骨吸收,對骨代謝產(chǎn)生不利影響;此外,抑制SGLT2也能導(dǎo)致維生素D的濃度降低,從而影響骨骼的鈣化,這可能與SGLT2抑制劑導(dǎo)致骨折有一定相關(guān)性[19-21]。de jong MA等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑相比,達格列凈可使糖尿病患者血清磷酸鹽、PTH、FGF23水平分別提高9%、16%、19%。Blevins TC 等[23]的研究認為卡格列凈也與血清磷酸鹽升高有關(guān)。此外,Thrailkil KM等[24]利用鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)DBA/2J小鼠低胰島素血癥高血糖模型比較卡格列凈和胰島素對骨代謝的影響,結(jié)果顯示接受卡格列凈的小鼠尿鈣和血清FGF23水平均增加。但Yabe D等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)恩格列凈不影響患者血清25-羥基維生素D、PTH水平,恩格列凈對骨代謝的影響可能較小。
2.2 SGLT2抑制劑對骨密度的影響 ?Schwartz AV等[26]研究認為SGLT2抑制劑引起的體重減輕使骨骼負荷減少以及肌肉脂肪合成代謝減少造成的骨丟失可能是影響骨密度(BMD)的重要因素,而低BMD是骨折發(fā)生的重要危險因素。Bilezikian JP等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卡格列凈可降低糖尿病患者髖部BMD水平,對患者腰椎、股骨頸、前臂遠端的BMD無影響。目前尚不清楚卡格列凈造成患者髖部BMD改變的原因,推測體重減輕對骨密度的影響可能存在部位特異性。Thrailkill KM等[28]通過誘導(dǎo)slc5a2基因突變的Jimbee小鼠模型(小鼠血糖正常、尿糖嚴重、尿鈣過多、滲透性利尿、伴有多食和多飲)模擬SGLT2功能喪失,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠皮質(zhì)和小梁骨部位的組織礦物質(zhì)密度降低,這可能與慢性高鈣尿癥有關(guān)。但Jimbee小鼠血糖未見異常,與臨床上使用SGLT2抑制劑的高血糖患者相反,長期服用SGLT2抑制劑對骨骼健康產(chǎn)生有益或有害影響,還有待觀察。Bolinder J等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),達格列凈對糖尿病患者腰椎、髖關(guān)節(jié)和股骨頸BMD無影響,Rosenstock J等[30]的研究也支持該結(jié)論,該研究認為埃格列凈與BMD降低無關(guān)。
2.3 SGLT2抑制劑影響骨折 ?SGLT2抑制劑主要通過改變患者機體鈣和磷酸鹽的穩(wěn)態(tài)而影響骨代謝、骨密度,這可能導(dǎo)致骨折風險增加。Neal B等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑相比,使用卡格列凈的糖尿病患者骨折風險增加了26%,但卡格列凈劑量的增加并不會增加骨折的風險。Zhou Z等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卡格列凈的使用與跌倒引起的不良事件風險增加有關(guān)。另外,女性和肥胖參與者比例高、糖尿病病程長、有心血管病史、基線腎小球濾過率低、年齡較大,這些差異可能是骨折風險較高的原因[8,32]。與之不同的是,Perkovic V等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用卡格列凈與安慰劑的糖尿病患者骨折發(fā)生率相似(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.70~1.37),但該研究的納入患者發(fā)生骨折很少,大多數(shù)骨折由跌倒引起,也有可能是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。Zinman B等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨訪3.1年恩格列凈仍沒有增加患者骨折的風險,Yabe D 等[25]及Monteiro P等[35]的研究也有類似發(fā)現(xiàn)。除此之外,Wiviott SD等[36]的研究也認為達格列凈不會增加骨折的風險。基于此,Toulis KA等[37]認為,在這種情況下達格列凈對骨折風險的中性作用也可能適用于基線骨折風險高于一般糖尿病患者的人群,甚至可能適用于通常被排除在試驗之外的人群,如轉(zhuǎn)移性骨病或接受糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的患者,但該研究的隨訪時間短(12個月),也可能存在偏倚。Kashiwagi A等[38]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用依格列凈與安慰劑患者的骨折發(fā)生率相似。Cheng L等[39]的研究認為,SGLT2抑制劑不會增加T2DM患者骨折的風險,反而會對治療期≤52周的患者骨折產(chǎn)生有益的影響,其原因可能是SGLT2抑制劑能改善患者心功能和降低心力衰竭的風險,從而利于預(yù)防骨折,而當SGLT2抑制劑應(yīng)用超過52周時,這些藥物的預(yù)防作用也隨之消失。目前多項薈萃分析均未發(fā)現(xiàn)SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用會增加骨折的風險[40-43]。需要說明的是,由于缺乏有關(guān)骨骼健康結(jié)果的詳細信息,且大多數(shù)隨機對照試驗都是小型且短期的,因此有必要開展長期的試驗進行驗證,以得到更加明確的結(jié)論。
3 SGLT2抑制劑與截肢
3.1 SGLT2抑制劑影響截肢的病理生理機制 ?目前,SGLT2抑制劑導(dǎo)致截肢風險增加的潛在機制尚無定論。Leon Jimenez D等[44]研究認為,SGLT2抑制劑可激活腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng),其可能與截肢風險的增加相關(guān)。Katsiki N等[9]則認為截肢風險增加可能與卡格列凈的脫靶作用有關(guān),與SGLT2抑制本身無關(guān)。Behnammanesh G等[45]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肢體缺血與內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān),卡格列凈對內(nèi)皮細胞增殖的影響可能會導(dǎo)致截肢風險增加,這種影響在達格列凈和恩格列凈中并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)。另外,SGLT2抑制劑引起的容量減少、小動脈反應(yīng)性受損可導(dǎo)致組織灌注不足,也可能會促進組織壞死,從而導(dǎo)致截肢風險增加[46]。Tanaka A等[47]認為,若患者在停用卡格列凈后發(fā)生截肢,則可能是由于血糖控制不佳、血細胞比容下降及糖尿病足惡化導(dǎo)致的。
3.2 SGLT2抑制劑對截肢的影響 ?Chang HY等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與應(yīng)用二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)抑制劑和胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP1)受體激動劑相比,新使用SGLT2抑制劑患者的總體截肢率較低,但患者截肢風險卻顯著增加。Yang JY等[49]也發(fā)現(xiàn),與DPP4抑制劑相比,應(yīng)用SGLT2抑制劑可增加糖尿病患者下肢截肢的風險。Ueda P等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與GLP1受體激動劑相比,SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用與下肢截肢風險增加有關(guān)(HR=2.32,95%CI:1.37~3.91),其結(jié)果與患者是否存在外周動脈疾病、心血管疾病、既往截肢史是一致的。然而,Sung J等[51]研究認為,SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用與截肢風險之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.29~1.71),該研究為足部開放性傷口的糖尿病患者使用達格列凈和恩格列凈這兩種SGLT2抑制劑提供了一定的保證。但Dawwas GK等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與磺脲類藥物相比,應(yīng)用SGLT2抑制劑的截肢風險更低,而與DPP4抑制劑比較則無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。但該研究納入患者較少,不能確定該結(jié)論是否具有代表性。在Neal B等[3]的研究中,應(yīng)用卡格列凈的截肢發(fā)生率增高,截斷下肢的風險更高,且既往有截肢病史的患者截肢風險尤其高;如果卡格列凈與截肢風險存在相關(guān)性,而其他SGLT2抑制劑與截肢風險無關(guān),則應(yīng)研究卡格列凈獨特的藥理特性。另外,Udell JA等[53]的研究顯示,新使用卡格列凈與非SGLT2抑制劑的糖尿病患者膝蓋以下下肢截肢風險沒有明顯增加。
Perkovic V等[33]的研究也認為卡格列凈沒有增加下肢的截肢風險,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的截肢率較高,可能是由于部分患者存在周圍神經(jīng)病變和截肢病史導(dǎo)致的。同樣的,Ryan PB等[54]的研究也并未觀察到卡格列凈會增加下肢的截肢風險,但該研究隨訪時間很短,需要延長隨訪時間進一步觀察。與之類似,Yuan Z等[55]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新使用卡格列凈并不增加截肢風險(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.68~1.41)。Jabbour S等[56]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用達格列凈也與截肢風險無關(guān),Inzucchi SE等[57]的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)使用恩格列凈也不會增加截肢風險。Li D等[58]的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管SGLT2抑制劑與截肢風險無顯著相關(guān)性,亞組分析卻顯示卡格列凈與截肢風險增加有關(guān)(OR=1.89,95%CI:1.37~2.60),而恩格列凈則沒有增加截肢風險。目前雖不能證明達格列凈和恩格列凈與截肢存在相關(guān)性,但在出現(xiàn)更多證據(jù)之前,應(yīng)避免對有截肢或已有足部潰瘍的患者使用SGLT2抑制劑[59]。
4總結(jié)
盡管多數(shù)研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)卡格列凈的應(yīng)用會導(dǎo)致骨折、截肢風險增加,恩格列凈、達格列凈的相關(guān)研究也未明確該不良反應(yīng),但在大型試驗中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用卡格列凈會導(dǎo)致患者骨折、截肢風險增加。SGLT2抑制劑可能與骨折、截肢風險有關(guān),建議對截肢事件風險較高的人群應(yīng)加強監(jiān)測。對于此類患者的臨床管理還應(yīng)關(guān)注預(yù)防跌倒,避免已知的危險因素,控制血糖水平和保護骨折、截肢高危患者。使用SGLT2抑制劑之前應(yīng)進行嚴謹?shù)膫€體評估,對于高危患者,醫(yī)生應(yīng)謹慎處方SGLT2抑制劑,尤其是卡格列凈。其他新上市的SGLT2抑制劑對骨骼的影響仍需進一步證實。大部分的臨床研究局限于受試者少、試驗代表性不足、隨訪時間不足、治療時間短、骨折和截肢的發(fā)生數(shù)量少、不以骨折和截肢為主要觀察終點、沒有量化到具體SGLT2抑制劑的種類等。因此,SGLT2抑制劑與骨折、截肢的相關(guān)性是否只存在于卡格列凈還是一類效應(yīng),需要進一步證實,來明確這種藥物誘發(fā)的不良事件的潛在機制。
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收稿日期:2020-08-09;修回日期:2020-08-17
編輯/王朵梅