創造前所未有的建筑

鮑里斯·沙德-賓索夫，瑪麗·布魯恩·伊德/Boris Schade-Bünsow, Marie Bruun Yde

母卓爾 譯/Translated by MU Zhuo'er

未來的城市將面臨不同的挑戰。我們如何工作、如何出行、如何使用資源，將會改變我們的喜好、行為和我們的城市。在最近幾個月里，人們工作的方式和地點發生了根本性的變化，工作被轉移到家里和線上。居家辦公早已成為一種趨勢，而新冠疫情加速了居家辦公的趨勢，使得提供結合居住與辦公的全新空間成為必然。然而，這并不意味著我們在規劃城市時要選擇更快速的生活方式。相反，交通設施將會發生根本性的變化，交通方式會更多以行人和自行車為中心，交通速度也將下降。而這又將改變我們塑造街道的方式，讓街道朝著更加人性尺度和氣候友好的方向轉變。CO2排放的限制將迫使人們采用新能源，以降低交通與建筑造成的CO2排放。我們如何創造零能耗的建筑？我們如何創造開放的城市？為了讓城市朝著理想的方向發展，我們需要什么樣的建筑項目？

為了將建筑設計改進得更具有韌性，我們必須做一些以前從未做過的事情。我們通過“世界未來城市計劃”（IUPA）尋找既有彈性又很強大的建筑，以應對下一個世紀的需求。IUPA希望集結具有這種潛力的項目，表彰為公共空間和公共生活做出貢獻的杰出城市設計與建筑項目。2020年的主要評選標準是項目在城市設計上是否能經受時代挑戰，以及是否能賦予城市及其市民經受時代挑戰的能力。提交的項目在這個方面展現出了堪稱典范的貢獻。項目的多元性也令人振奮，獲獎和入圍的項目來自南美、北美、歐洲、亞洲和非洲多地。許多項目涉及到場地原有建筑的不同層面，大多數項目都對使用者開放了多種功能，并且所有項目都有社會文化意義上的使命。它們展示了具有前瞻性、以人為本、開放、多功能的建筑的力量，這些建筑不僅是促進社區交流的磁石，也是公共利益的守護者。

改造在于生態與身份

10年前的歐洲專注于歷史名城的改造，而亞洲則在迅速地建設新的大都市。從那時起，歐洲與亞洲在建筑和城市規劃方面的差距就在不斷縮小。今天，歐洲的城市仍在發展，新的住宅區建在城市的外圍，而在亞洲，既有建筑的改造更新正成為越來越重要的問題。IUPA的入圍和獲獎項目中，半數以上都涉及到對既有建筑的改造，這說明在世界范圍內，保護物質遺產、改造建成環境以適應當今的需求與愿望的需求在日益增長。改造舊建筑和城市空間是一種生態的規劃手段，但同時也涉及到身份與記憶的問題。最重要的是，改造項目可以節省灰色能源與建造成本。為了應對氣候變化，我們必須高效地利用資源，這使得重塑老舊廢棄的建筑成為當務之急。

但是，歷史建筑保護也與我們的自我定義有關。對老舊建筑、廢棄工業建筑群、衰敗街區和空置房屋進行重塑，也是在延續我們的精神歷史，保留我們成長過程中寶貴的身份認同。與其拆掉它們，我們更應該保護這些建筑。然而，也并不是所有建筑都具有應該被保留的特質。建筑師需要有足夠的創造力，能在貶值的、相對平凡的建筑遺產（尤其是歷史并不久遠的建筑）中發現潛力，并賦予它們新的功能。建筑師需要在實體和象征意義的層面對建筑進行改造與升級，讓人們能重新欣賞、重新居住于那些年代較新的舊建筑中（圖1-3）。

社區

過去一年全世界的居家化過程讓我們意識到公共生活和社會交往是在哪里發生的。盡管媒體與網絡讓我們能與更廣闊的世界保持聯系，但它們并不能替代真正的線下會議和集體組織。社會是靠公共空間維系的。病毒向大家揭示了一點：我們都受益于公共利益，也應該為公共利益做出貢獻。人類是相互依存的，這樣的政治認知將有助于未來的城市規劃。

IUPA的獲獎項目出色地展示了建筑是如何作為社會凝聚器的：建筑環境的多樣性、靈活性和開放性體現出了社區的概念。社區是建筑的背景，意味著建筑應該傳遞出場所感和情境感，適應周圍環境的尺度與形態，既不要太大也不要太小，既不要太老也不要太新，而要順應周圍的社會（圖4、5）。

城市性

柏林評委會由克里斯汀·菲萊斯、謝爾蓋·卓班和鮑里斯·沙德-賓索夫組成。我們對所提交項目的國別、背景、類型與方法的多樣性印象深刻。它們展現了建筑師是如何有勇氣地使用本地材料，在不同大小尺度的項目中工作，為社區創造聚會場所的。獲獎項目不僅是偉大的建筑，它們也促進了人們的交流，改善了人們的生活品質。它們向大家展示了，通過建筑項目讓既有建筑、周圍環境和使用者等多個層次參與其中，創造出多功能的公共空間的新形象是多么重要。

哪些因素可以促進這樣的項目，哪些因素又會對它們造成威脅？

顯然，這樣慷慨的有集體意義的項目是罕見的。隨著政府的缺位、紳士化的發展和房地產市場的強勢，作為民主的、共享的空間與未來的城市正在受到挑戰。我們必須系統地認識這些威脅到各種公共生活的問題。我們需要的不是一個光鮮、干凈、同質化的城市，而是一個我們都可以產生認同的城市，一個多層次、多樣化、甚至充滿矛盾的城市——因為這樣的城市才是包容的（圖6、7）。

1 五月二十四日街商貿服務綜合體以前是Mesbla總部大樓，起初看起來限制很多，較低的層高讓它不適合用作運動休閑和文化空間。但是保羅·門德斯·達洛查和MMBB建筑事務所通過對中央中庭的改造，成功地挖掘出了它積極的一面/The SESC 24 de Maio building, a former Mesbla department store, at first seemed restrictive and ill-suited for sport, leisure and culture spaces with its low ceilings. But Paulo Mendes da Rocha and MMBB managed to unfold its positive sides, primarily by reinterpreting the atrium in the middle of it.（攝影/Photo: Nelson Kon）

In the future we have to face different urban challenges. The way we work, the way we move and the way we use resources will change our preferences, behaviour and cities. Within the latest months the manner and place of work changed radically and was relocated to homes and virtual spaces. Working from home was already in trend and only accelerated through the crisis of COVID-19,making it only more obvious that new spaces for combined living and working must be provided.However, we do not only have to speed up when planning cities, on the contrary: Mobility structures will change fundamentally and transport become still more pedestrian and bicycle based, slowing traffic down. This, in turn, will change the way we make streets and retrofit them for the human scale and a better climate. CO2limitations makes new ways of handling energy and the reduction of both traffic and building emissions necessary.How can we develop an architecture with no energy consumption? How do we make the city accessible for people? What projects are necessary to develop the city to what we want it to be?

To improve architecture and design and make it more resilient we have to do things that we never did before. With the International Urban Project Award (IUPA) we are looking for flexible structures and strong architecture facing the needs of the next century. The IUPA calls for projects realising such potentials. IUPA recognises outstanding urban and architectural works contributing to public space and life. This year, the main criterion was a strong urban design that withstands challenging times as well as empowers the city and its citizens to do so. The commitment of the submitted projects was exemplary. Their diversity was encouraging. The winning and shortlisted projects range from South and North America through to Europe, Africa and Asia. Many of them involve different layers of the existing building mass, most of them establish openness to users and uses, all of them have a sociocultural mission. They demonstrate the strength of forward-looking human-oriented, accessible, mixeduse architecture that works not just as a magnet for communication and communities, but ultimately as a guardian for the public good.

Conversion Is Ecology and Identity

Ten years ago Europe was concentrated on the redevelopment of the historic cities, whereas Asia was rapidly building new metropolises. Since then,the gap between European and Asian architecture and urban planning has become smaller. Today,European cities are growing and new housing areas being built on the peripheries, while in Asia the renovation and conversion of the existing building substance is becoming an increasingly important issue. That more than half of the shortlisted and winning IUPA projects work with the transformation of existing structures proves the worldwide growing need to protect our physical heritage and readapt the built environment to present day needs and wishes. Renovating old buildings and urban spaces is an ecological planning approach, but also a question of identity and memory. Most importantly,it can save grey energy and building costs. Resourceefficiency being imperative to tackle the realities of climate change makes the reinterpretation of outdated and deserted architecture urgent.

But the protection of the historic fabric has to do with our self-definition, too. Revaluing old buildings, abandoned industrial complexes, rundown neighbourhoods and unpopular housing estates is also a perpetuation of our mental history, keeping valuable points of identification that we grew up with. Preservation - as opposed to demolition - feels right. However, not all architecture has evident qualities that should be carried into the future. The creativity of architects is requested when it comes to seeing potential in the devaluated and uninspiring heritage especially of the recent past and reinventing it with new uses. Here,the architects carry out a physical and symbolic reand upcycling work that can make us re-appreciate and re-inhabit our youngest history.

2 上海油罐藝術中心/Tank Shanghai（攝影/Photo: INSAN Image）

3 深圳的城中村里滿是“握手樓”，它們的間隙狹窄到鄰居都可以握手。人們越來越不愿意住在城中村里。創始點對35座這樣的塔樓進行改造，試圖通過經濟適用房、空中走廊等新的連接、街道層次結構和共享空間等手段來增強社區性，重塑這一建筑類型的價值/Urban villages in Shenzhen consisting of "handshake tower blocks" - so narrow that neighbours can literally shake hands - are increasingly discredited. Doffice's makeover of 35 such towers seeks to revalue this typical typology by strengthening the community through affordable housing, new connections like corridors in the air, street hierarchy and shared spaces.（攝影/Photo: IVY Photography & Production）

4 在未來非洲創新校區，新的學習和教學方法將圍繞生活方式展開，而不是集中于課堂空間/At the Future Africa InnovationCampus new methods of learning and teaching revolve around lifestyle rather than being concentrated in lecture halls.（攝影/Photo: Lourens Uitenweerde - Eyescape Photography）

5 經過改造后，文里·松陽三廟文化交流中心在更多的層次上設置了開放性的小型公共空間、壁龕和通道，激發了社區生活/Songyang Culture Neighbourhood has been renovated with several generous smaller public spaces, niches and pathways on more levels, inviting for community life.（攝影/Photo: 存在建筑/Arch-Exist）

6 作為一個公共通道和一個藝術空間，吉首美術館通過延展的、高密度的功能布局，賦予了傳統的廊橋以新的形式，成為了城市生活的催化劑/As a public walkway and an art space, the Jishou Art Museum reinvents the traditional covered bridge by extending and densifying its programme making it an urban catalyst.（攝影/Photo: 田方方/TIAN Fangfang）

7 獵人角社區圖書館不僅僅是一個圖書館，它還提供了私密的閱讀區、活躍的聚會空間等多種室內外空間。在巨大的高樓之間，這個小建筑脫穎而出，成為一個溫暖、人性化尺度的交流場所/Much more than a library, Hunters Point Library provides a diversity of spaces inside and outside ranging from intimate reading areas to active gathering spaces. In the middle of elephantine high-rises, the small structure stands out as a warm, human-scale meeting space.（攝影/Photo:Iwan Baan）

Community

The domestication experienced all over the world within the last year made us aware where public life and social interaction take place. Although media and virtual reality keep us in touch with the bigger world,they cannot compensate for real physical meetings and collective structures. Society is knitted together in the public space. It took a virus to expose that we all bene fit from and contribute to the common good.The political recognition that we are all dependent on each other is a quality that will hopefully help de fining the way we plan cities in the future.

The IUPA projects excellently exhibit how architecture can act as social condensers: Community is expressed in the built environment through diversity, flexibility and accessibility. Community is context, meaning that architecture should transport a sense of place and situation, adapting to the surrounding scale and morphology, being not too big or too small, not too old or new, but subordinate to society.

Urbanity

In the Berlin jury - consisting of Kristin Feireiss, Sergei Tchoban and Boris Schade-Bünsow -we were impressed by the broadness of nationalities,contexts, typologies and approaches presented in the submitted projects. They show the courage of architects to make use of local materials, work on smaller or larger scales and create meeting places for the neighbourhood. The winning projects not only demonstrate great architecture, but also engage with human beings, improving the quality of life for everybody. They show how important it is to involve different layers of the existing building substance,the surroundings and people and to create new images of public space with a mix of functions.

What enables such projects, what threatens them?

Clearly, such generous, collective projects are rare. Along with the withdrawal of the state,gentrification and the onward march of the real estate market, the city as a democratic, shared space and future is challenged. Such issues endangering the variety of living together must be thematised.We do not need a sleek, clean, homogeneous city,but one that we all can identify with, one that is layered, heterogeneous, and even contradictory in that it is inclusive.