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從what with...and (what with)談起

2021-04-08 15:38:21劉浩
校園英語·中旬 2021年1期

【摘要】在現代英語中,我們常可見到“what with...and (what with)”短語在句中用來列舉原因或理由,語氣較強。這樣的短語主要可以分為三類: 一、多用于指不愉快的事情的起因,例如:What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲勞,部分由于饑餓,我再也走不動了。二是表示通過某種方法或手段,例如:What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受賄,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多錢。三是用來表示原因,例如:What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于內憂外患,這個國家的人民過著動蕩不安的生活。

【關鍵詞】what with; and what with

【作者簡介】劉浩,河南科技職業大學公共基礎教學部。

在英語中,what with...and what with是一個慣用結構,多用來列舉原因或理由,比表示原因或理由的介詞with語氣強。但它與what by...and what by這個慣用結構不同。此外,我們還可以見到what for...and what for, what through...and what through等,下面分別談談這些結構的含義和用法。

what with...and what with意思是“部分因為……部分因為”“一方面因為……一方面因為”“一半因為……一半因為”“或由于……或由于”,用于列舉原因或理由,多用于指不愉快的事情的起因。

1. what with...and what with后面跟名詞(短語)。例如:

What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲勞,部分由于饑餓,我再也走不動了。

What with the heat and what with the humidity, we really suffered. 一方面因為天氣炎熱,另一方面因為濕度太大,我們這回可真受罪。

What with drink and what with fright, he did not know what to say. 一方面由于喝了酒,一方面因為驚恐,他不知道該說什么。

What with overwork and what with dystrophy, he fell ill. 一半由于工作過度勞累,一半由于營養不良,他病倒了。

What with their inferior equipment and what with their outdated technique, they failed to fulfill their annual production plan last year. 一方面由于設備差,一方面由于技術落后,他們去年沒有完成年度生產計劃。

2.可省略后面的what with,僅用what with...and…。例如:

What with the cold weather and my leg is not good, I haven't been out for weeks. 由于天氣寒冷,我的腿又不太好,我已經幾個星期沒有出門了。

What with undernourishment and ill treatment, the boy was all skin and bones. 一半因為營養不良,一半因為受虐待,這男孩瘦得皮包骨頭。

What with rained all the time and a bad hotel, we didn't enjoy our holiday much. 由于連續下雨,旅館又差,我們的假日過得不怎么樣。

3.有時可將后面的and what with整個省略,僅用what with說出一種原因或理由。例如:

What with a series of violent storms, his return was delayed. 由于暴風驟雨接二連三地發生,他的歸期被推遲了。

What with the prices so high, I can't afford a new car. 由于價格很高,我買不起新汽車。

What with his indolence, he was occupied with nothing in his freshman year. 由于他懶惰成性,他的大學一年級可以說是無所事事。

What with the bad weather, this spring I wasn't able to do much gardening. 由于天氣不好,今年春天我未能做多少園藝活。

4.有時,也可用多個(三個或三個以上)what with引出多個原因或理由。例如:

What with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with the poverty, I am custom-shrunk. 由于戰火紛飛,勞役繁重,人命危淺,貧窮潦倒,我的生活也縮水了。

但是,在陳述多個原因時,為了表達上的簡潔,從第二個原因起,經常省略what with。例如:

What with cars, sports, mobile phones and friends, young people are having a richer life than the older generation. 由于擁有汽車、運動、手機、朋友,年輕人的生活比老一輩人更加豐富。

What with the air and the exercise and the good food he began to recover his spirits. 一方面因為(新鮮)空氣,另一方面因為運動,再一方面因為美食,他的情緒開始恢復了。

What with rain, wind, snow and frosts, we have had a wretched month for weather. 又是風雨,又是霜雪,我們這個月的天氣糟透了。

5.what with...and (what with)多位于句子前面,但也可以位于句子后面。例如:

We have had a awful month for weather, what with rain, wind, snow and frosts. 這個月的天氣糟透了,又是風雨,又是霜雪。

I couldn't visit you, what with the snowstorm and the cold I had. 我不能去拜訪你,一方面是因為暴風雪,一方面是因為我感冒了。

The house wasn't hard to find, what with all the flowers around it. 那座房子的四周都是鮮花,所以并不難找。

6.what with...and (what with)后還可接動詞的-ing 形式。例如:

What with having no exercise and being overweight he had a heart attack. 由于沒有鍛煉,加之身體超重,他心臟病突然發作了。

What with writing, lecturing, and attending to the duties of my office, I am so busy that I scarcely have time to eat. 由于寫書、講課,再加上處理辦公室的公務,我忙得幾乎沒有時間吃飯。

What with teaching, and what with dancing, his time is wholly taken up. 一方面要教學,一方面要跳舞,他的時間全被占去了。

What with reaping the wheat and what with planting the rice, the time passed quickly. 一方面由于收割麥子,一方面由于栽種稻谷,所以時間很快就過去了。

7.有時,還可見到what with...and what with后接名詞和動詞的–ing形式混用的現象。例如:

What with hard work and what with taking almost no care of himself, he became quite ill. 一方面由于工作太累,一方面因為幾乎不關心自己,他完全病倒了。

what by…and (what by)意思是“一方面用……,一方面用”“一方面通過……,一方面通過”“或由于……或由于……”,多表示通過某種方法或手段。what by…and (what by)后既可以跟名詞,也可以跟動詞的-ing形式。例如:

What by threats, and what by entreaties, he accomplished his purpose. 一方面威脅,一方面懇求(一方面來硬的,一方面來軟的),他達到目的了。

What by policy and (what by) force, the English made themselves masters of all India in 1876. 英國人在1876年一半靠策略一半靠兵力征服了整個印度。

What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受賄,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多錢。

不過,what by…and (what by)有時也含有原因的意味。例如:

What by smoking heavily and drinking heavily, he became sick at last. 一方面煙抽得多,一方面酒喝得多,他最終生病了。

what between…and…意思是“由于某種原因……以及某種原因”,用來表示原因,例如:

What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于內憂外患,這個國家的人民過著動蕩不安的生活。

What between their work and studies and examinations, those spare-time college students have no time left for recreational activities. 由于又要工作,又要學習和考試,那些業余大學的學生無暇進行文娛活動。

What between cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing and knitting, she was very busy. 因為要做飯、清掃衛生、洗衣、縫補和針織,所以她非常忙。

what for (through)…and what for (through)意思是“一方面因為……一方面因為”“或由于……或由于”,也用來表示原因,但不如what with...what with普通。例如:

What for official duty and what for personal business, I have no leisure. 由于公務、私務都很忙,我毫無余暇。

What for the heavy rain and what for his not knowing the way, he was late. 由于雨太大,再加上路不熟悉,所以他遲到了。

What through the bad weather and what through the heavy load on board, the freight train was late in getting to station. 一方面由于天氣不好,一方面由于負載過重,火車晚點到站。

What through the high price of provisions and what through occasional sickness, the family found it very difficult to live on the income. 一方面由于物價高漲,一方因為由于時有生病,這個家庭的收入難以維持生計。

參考文獻:

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[4]弗雷德里克·T·伍德(著).鮑志一,楊達志(譯).英語通俗成語詞典[M].云南人民出版社,1980.

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