新時代小學科學教育的著力點

小學科學教育是學校科學教育的重要組成部分，新中國成立以來先后出臺了4個大綱、2個課程標準，不斷借鑒發達國家科學教育改革與研究的新成果、新理念、新趨勢，如今從容步入新時代。

新時代下，世界科技迅速發展對國家科技人才的創新要求更具挑戰性，是培養科技人才的重要基礎，這就要求學校高度重視小學科學教學，進一步加強科學教學改革與實踐探索，加強實驗室建設，加強校內外科學教育融合，加強小學科學教師培養，促進教師的專業發展，全面推進我國小學科學教育的新發展，為建設創新型國家，提高青少年科學素養，提高國家綜合競爭力，作出新的努力和新的貢獻。

首先，加強對新時代小學科學教育目標和價值的認識。2017年的《義務教育小學科學課程標準》明確提出，小學科學課程的總目標是培養學生的科學素養，包括科學知識、科學探究、科學態度，以及科學、技術、社會與環境的關系等。小學科學教育在培養學生對自然的好奇心、求知欲，形成對科學的探究興趣，獲得科學知識，學習科學方法，領悟科學思想，培養科學精神、創新精神與實踐能力等方面具有重要價值。各級教育部門要切實把科學課與語文課、數學課放在同等重要的地位加以重視與實施。

其次，加強新時代的小學科學教學改革實踐及研究。小學科學教學要圍繞科學核心概念，利用學習進階的思想，開展探究式教學，培養學生的科學思維，發展學生的科學探究能力;要積極探索跨學科的STEM學習，重視技術與工程教育，從科學教育轉換到科技教育，培養學生的STEM素養;要積極探索多樣化的科學教學評價方式，加強形成性評價，重視表現性評價，全面評價學生的科學素養;要積極探索基于信息技術的科學教學，創設豐富的教學情境，實現科學學習情境的互動性和探究性，充分發揮信息技術對科學教學的支持作用。

第三，加強新時代小學科學實驗室的建設。實驗是自然科學的基礎，沒有實驗就沒有現代自然科學的產生與發展。小學科學教學要以實驗為基礎，開展探究式學習，這是科學教學的顯著特征。實驗室是小學科學教學的重要資源，是科學教學的最重要場所之一，教育部門和學校要加大經費投入，建設數量充足的現代化實驗室，包括探究實驗室、STEM實驗室、創客實驗室等，以滿足科學教學及科技活動的需要。

第四，加強新時代小學科學教育校內外的融合。學校是實施科學教育的主戰場，是學生學習科學知識、體驗科學過程、領悟科學思想的基本保障。但是學校的科學教育資源是有限的，豐富的校外資源如科技館、博物館、青少年科普實踐基地、社區、農場等都是科學學習的重要場所，小學科學教師要根據教學內容，充分利用校外資源，開展科學學習與科技創新活動，拓展學生的知識視野，提高學生的創新精神與科學實踐能力。

第五，加強新時代小學科學教師隊伍的建設。小學科學教師是推動小學科學課程改革的關鍵因素之一，小學科學課程改革能否成功，很大程度取決于是否有一支高素質的科學教師隊伍。當前，我國小學科學教師隊伍的專業化水平不高，兼職科學教師多、非科學教育專業或理科專業背景的科學教師較多的問題依然十分嚴重。因此，培養大批高素質的專業化科學教育教師隊伍，以及開展多層次、多類型的小學科學教師培訓，應該成為高等師范院校的使命與責任。與此同時，各級教育主管部門要為小學科學教師定編定崗，配置數量足夠的專業化科學教師，確保小學科學教學質量的全面提高。

林長春

重慶師范大學科技教育與傳播研究中心主任、教授

中國教育學會科學教育分會副理事長

中國青少年科技輔導員協會科學教師教育專委會主任委員

The Focus of Primary School Science

Education in the New Era

LIN Changchun

中圖分類號：G424??????????????? 文獻標識碼：A???????????????? DOI：10.16400/j.cnki.kjdkx.2021.02.001

LIN Changchun

Director and Professor of Science and Technology Education and Communication Research Center of Chongqing Normal University

Vice President of Science Education Branch of Chinese Society of Education

Chairman of Science Teacher Education Committee of China Youth Science and Technology Counselors Association

Primary school science education is an important part of school science education. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China， four outlines and two curriculum standards have been issued， constantly learning from the new achievements， new ideas and new trends of science education reform and research in developed countries.

In the new era， with the rapid development of science and technology in the world， the innovation requirements of national science and technology talents are more challenging， which is an important basis for training science and technology talents. This requires schools to attach great importance to primary school science teaching， further strengthen the reform and practice of science teaching， strengthen laboratory construction， strengthen the integration of internal and external science education， strengthen the training of primary school science teachers， and promote the professional development of teachers In order to build an innovative country， improve the scientific literacy of young people and enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the country， we should make new efforts and new contributions.

First of all， we should strengthen the understanding of the goals and values of science education in primary schools in the new era. The "compulsory education primary school science curriculum standard" in 2017 clearly states that the overall goal of primary school science curriculum is to cultivate students' scientific literacy， including scientific knowledge， scientific inquiry， scientific attitude， and the relationship between science， technology， society and environment. Primary school science education is of great value in cultivating students' curiosity and thirst for knowledge about nature， forming their interest in science exploration， acquiring scientific knowledge， learning scientific methods， comprehending scientific ideas， cultivating scientific spirit， innovative spirit and practical ability. Education departments at all levels should attach equal importance to science， Chinese and mathematics.

Secondly， we should strengthen the practice and research of the reform of science teaching in primary schools in the new era. The scientific teaching in primary school should focus on the core concept of science， develop inquiry teaching by using the advanced learning ideas， train students' scientific thinking and develop their scientific inquiry ability; actively explore the step learning of interdisciplinary， attach importance to technology and engineering education， transform from scientific education to scientific and technological education， and cultivate students' stem literacy; actively explore diversified scientific teaching evaluation method， strengthen formative evaluation， pay attention to performance evaluation， comprehensively evaluate students' scientific literacy; we should actively explore the scientific teaching based on information technology， create rich teaching situations， realize the interaction and inquiry of scientific learning situations， and give full play to the support role of information technology for scientific teaching.

Third， strengthen the construction of primary school science laboratory in the new era. Experiment is the basis of natural science. Without experiment， there would be no emergence and development of modern natural science. Primary school science teaching should be based on experiments and carry out inquiry learning， which is a significant feature of science teaching. Laboratory is an important resource of science teaching in primary schools， and it is one of the most important places of science teaching. Education departments and schools should increase funding to build a sufficient number of modern laboratories， including inquiry laboratory， stem laboratory， maker laboratory， etc.， in order to meet the needs of science teaching and scientific and technological activities.

Fourth， strengthen the integration of primary school science education in the new era. School is the main battlefield of implementing science education， and it is the basic guarantee for students to learn scientific knowledge， experience scientific process and comprehend scientific thought. However， the resources of science education in schools are limited. Rich resources outside schools， such as science and technology museum， museum， youth science popularization practice base， community， farm and so on， are important places for science learning. Primary school science teachers should make full use of the resources outside schools according to the teaching content， carry out scientific learning and scientific and technological innovation activities， expand students' knowledge horizons， and improve students' innovative spirit and scientific practice ability.

Fifth， strengthen the construction of primary school science teachers in the new era. Primary school science teachers are one of the key factors to promote primary school science curriculum reform. The success of primary school science curriculum reform largely depends on whether there is a high-quality science teacher team. At present， the specialization level of primary school science teachers in China is not high， and the problems of more part-time science teachers and more science teachers with non science education or science background are still very serious. Therefore， to cultivate a large number of high-quality professional science education teachers， as well as to carry out multi-level and multi-type primary school science teacher training， should become the mission and responsibility of normal universities. At the same time， the education authorities at all levels should fix the number of primary school science teachers， allocate enough professional science teachers， and ensure the overall improvement of the quality of primary school science teaching.