高考書面表達的四維提升
——詞、句、段、篇

湖北 龐 群

書面表達旨在考查學生的英語寫作能力，評價其能否運用相關常識和語言知識進行有效的文字表達，完成特定的交際任務。高考英語書面表達評分原則明確規定，“評分時應注意的主要內容為：內容要點、應用詞匯和語法結構的豐富性和準確性及上下文的連貫性”。因此，除了注重詞句表達是否豐富、準確外，內容完整、邏輯連貫、結構清晰也是極為重要的方面。書面表達的提升應是多維度的，只有詞、句、段、篇秀其外慧其中的文章才能贏得閱卷老師的青睞。

詞——準確亮眼

在高考書面表達評分原則中，“應用詞匯的豐富性與準確性”是評分時應注意的主要內容之一，豐富多樣、地道準確的詞匯或短語能夠為文章增色不少。

詞匯替換

1.I like reading while my sister likes watching TV series.

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2.Today many young students dream of becoming famous online.

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3.I think reading is very good for us.

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4.I really hope that you can consider my suggestions.

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5.Would you please help me to turn down the radio?

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6.He refused to listen to his father.

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7.A new library is being built in our school.

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8.Your efforts will be very important.

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9.It is more and more important to receive a good education nowadays.

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10.The lives of Chinese people have increased steadily in the past twenty years.

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素材積累

?普通表達 高級表達 普通表達 高級表達happy delighted good outstanding/extraordinary/remarkable sad depressed/frustrated thank sb for sth be grateful to sb for sth boring dull cause result in/give rise to worried anxious be famous for have a high reputation for use employ rich wealthy/well off big vast/enormous poor needy/badly off new brand new know/realize be aware of different various/a variety of attractive appealing/inviting/fascinating energetic dynamic more and more an increasing number of enough abundant/adequate clever bright/smart/intelligent brave courageous/fearless very extremely/exceedingly only merely clearly obviously/apparently/evidently difficult demanding certainly definitely/undoubtedly on time promptly totally completely/absolutely/entirely finish fulfill/accomplish support advocate/in favour of advantage strength/virtue disadvantage weakness/shortcoming/drawback ability competence important of great importance/significance as soon as immediately/instantly want to do intend to do/desire to do/be eager to do very tired exhausted/worn out be busy with be occupied with/be engaged in sometimes occasionally be made up of consist of/be composed of express convey be used to(doing)sth be accustomed to(doing)sth make up for compensate for try one's best to do sth make every endeavour to do sth choice alternative most the majority of result consequence suddenly abruptly/unexpectedly proper appropriate so therefore/thus/hence/as a consequence should ought to you'd better... you may as well.../you are supposed to...carefully attentively remember keep...in mind get acquire/obtain take the responsibility shoulder the responsibility(to do/for doing...)tell sb sth inform sb of/about sth believe be firmly convinced that...

點石成金

1.用豐富的亮點詞匯替換掉普通詞匯能提升文章的檔次，但這要以準確、得體為前提。熟悉亮點詞匯使用的語境才能保證表達的自然、流暢。

2.在日常的學習中，我們要注重亮點詞匯的積累，將以上表格不斷豐富和延伸，并堅持訓練替換思維。只有通過不斷地運用、總結，我們在臨場發揮時才能避免生搬硬套，做到運用自如。

句——自然高級

高考書面表達評分原則中對第五檔作文有“應用了較多的語法結構”這一要求，這些復雜多樣的結構的正確運用，可以增加文章語言的層次感，使文章豐富多彩，更好地展現作者的語言運用能力。這些高級句式主要是指定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句、非謂語動詞、強調句、倒裝句等。

句式改寫

1.I don't know what to do next,so I am writing to ask for your advice.(現在分詞作狀語)

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2.Because I am worried about the time available,I made a detailed list of what to do that day.(過去分詞作狀語)

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3.As the final term is drawing near,all the students are occupied with their revision.(with復合結構)

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4.The theme of the show is environmental protection.It is of great importance in today's society.(定語從句)

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5.His willing heart to help others impressed me most.(名詞性從句)

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6.Not the grades but your attitude counts.(強調句)

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7.We can achieve success only in this way.(倒裝句)

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8.I passed the physics exam because of your help.(虛擬語氣)

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9.Today,we use computers not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.(主動改被動)

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10.However,measures should be taken to deal with this.(插入語)

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素材積累

其他常用高級句式 例句As is known to all,it takes perseverance to succeed.As the saying goes,“Where there is a will,there is a way.”As is often the case,it's the poor who suffer most.狀語從句的省略 If necessary,you should turn to your parents for help.Although faced with many problems,they didn't lose heart.wh-ever引導名詞性從句 Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.wh-ever引導讓步狀語從句 Whichever road you take,it will lead you to the station.祈使句，+and... Follow your doctor's advice,and you will get better soon.祈使句，+or... Take the chance,or you will regret it.the reason why...be that... The reason why you're always upset is that you are under great pressure.not only...but(also)...倒裝句 Not only does he speak English fluently,but(also)he is good at French.so/such...that...倒裝句 So excited was I that I couldn't wait to try wearing them.Such a precious chance is it that you can't afford to miss it.It was not until...that...強調句 It was not until he read the newspaper that he knew what had happened.If Iwere you,Iwould...虛擬語氣 If I were you,I would apologize to him.感嘆句 What a splendid moment it is!How worried I am about the exam!the+比較級,the+比較級 The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.It is(high)time that... It is time that they got/should get down to doing their work.be doing...when... I was doing my homework when the light went out.as引導非限制性定語從句?It's obvious that she didn't know the truth.It's widely acknowledged/accepted that light travels faster than sound.It's useless/no use/good doing a lot of work without planning.it作形式賓語 The new method makes it possible to complete the task faster.There is no point/sense(in)... There is no point/sense(in)doing a lot of work without planning.There is no doubt that... There is no doubt that smoking contributes to heart disease.There is no denying that... There's no denying that this is an urgent event.No wonder(that)... No wonder you're tired,you've been walking for hours.it作形式主語

點石成金

1.高級句式的使用要以自然、流暢為前提，生搬硬套的高級句式讀起來反而別扭，也會降低閱卷老師的好感。因此，在平常的學習中要經常進行高級句式應用與替換的思維訓練。

2.避免過度使用長難句，應長短句交錯，主動、被動交錯，或增加插入語，使文章抑揚頓挫。

段——豐富連貫

評分原則中的“內容要點的豐富性”要求學生在完成試題規定的任務之外對內容要點增加適當的細節，使文章更豐富。評分原則中的“上下文的連貫性”，以及在對第五檔作文要求中的“有效地使用了語句間的連接成分”，明確規定了要使用恰當的銜接詞句以增加文章的邏輯連貫性。

段落加工

(2020年全國乙卷書面表達)你校正在組織英語作文比賽。請以身邊值得尊敬和愛戴的人為題，寫一篇短文參賽，內容包括：

1.人物簡介；

2.尊敬和愛戴的原因。注意：

1.詞數100左右；

2.短文題目和首句已為你寫好。

學生習作第二段：

My father is warm-hearted and always willing to help others.He is also very hardworking and shoulders the responsibility of supporting the whole family.But he never shows any sign of depression or impatience.He is always energetic and optimistic,encouraging us to adopt a positive attitude towards life.

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素材積累

表觀點表列舉/并列/遞進表轉折表因果表時間in my opinion,in my view,from my point of view,as far as Iam concerned,as for...,personally,I reckon that...Detailed...is/are listed below....is/are as follows.Let me explain...to you/share...with you in detail/at length.first of all/first and foremost,second,last but not least firstly,secondly,lastly(and most importantly)above all,to begin/start with,what's more,furthermore,moreover,besides,in addition,additionally,still less,to make matters worse,worse still for one thing...for another...on the one hand...on the other hand...What deserves mentioning/a mention is that...What ought to be laid more stress/emphasis on is that...Similarly,we are supposed to pay attention to...Equal importance ought to be attached to...What calls for special attention is that...?yet,however,while,otherwise,on the contrary,though,although,even if/though,regardless of,whereas,nevertheless,despite/in spite of,despite the fact that...because,as,since,for,thanks to,due to,as a result of,so,therefore,hence,thus,as a result/consequence,consequently,on account of,...which accounts for...,the reason why...is that...,that's why...nowadays,at present,currently,recently,previous,previously,afterwards,after which...,eventually,in the end,at last,afterwards,since then,from then on,immediately,suddenly,meanwhile indeed,surely It goes without saying that...There's no denying the fact that...It is out of question that...Nothing is more important than the fact that...表解釋/舉例表強調such as,for example/instance,take...for example,that is to say,in other words,to put it simply,to illustrate my point...表總結in short,in brief,in conclusion,in a word,to sum up,all in all,on the whole,in general,briefly,to put it short,to put it in a nutshell I will conclude by saying that...As has been mentioned above...As stated in the previous paragraph...All things considered/Everything taken into consideration,we can conclude...From what has been discussed above,we may safely draw the conclusion that.../I'm secure in the knowledge/conclusion that...

點石成金

1.適當增加細節能使文章內容更豐富，但細節的添加需圍繞要點，且不宜在某個要點上添加過多，適當、均勻地添加細節才能保持段落結構的合理、均勻。

2.除了銜接詞和短語，恰當的主題句與過渡句也能使段落邏輯更連貫。

篇——完整清晰

高考書面表達評分原則中對第五檔作文的要求有“覆蓋所有內容要點”和“全文結構緊湊”，這就要求考生認真審題，所寫文章應包含所有要點，使內容完整。同時文章的結構應清晰、緊湊，一般以三段式“總—分—總”為宜：

Heading：點題；一兩個句子，開門見山(書信一般為寫信目的)。

Body：中心記述部分；層次分明。

Ending：小結；呼應主題(書信一般為表達愿望等)。

篇章升華

假定你是李華，你的一位美國朋友Peter想來中國旅行，他寫信給你想了解到北京后乘坐何種交通工具旅行比較適宜。請你給他寫一封回信，建議他乘坐高鐵(CRH/China Railway High-speed)。理由：1.便捷、準點；2.舒適、安全；3.購票方便、價格適宜。學生習作：

Dear Peter,

I'm expecting you to come to China.To answer your question about the best transport in Beijing,I'm writing to provide my advice.I think China Railway High-speed is the best means of transportation.We all like it because it's safe and always arrives on time.It has a great many different lines and can reach every province,so it is very convenient.And it also has very good service.You can buy the ticket easily and conveniently and the price is not that expensive!CRH makes our life better and is outstanding in the world.I believe that you will be satisfied with it.

Yours,

Li Hua

請從高級詞匯、豐富句式、段內銜接與篇章結構四個維度對該作文進行升華。

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點石成金

雖然本文按“詞—句—段—篇”的順序分析了書面表達四個維度的提升方法，但實際的寫作應是從宏觀到微觀的過程，先構思篇章布局，后確定段落層次，再加入亮點句式，最后換用高級詞匯。因此，高考書面表達的完成過程應按以下步驟：

1.認真審題，要點完整；

2.謀篇布局，結構清晰；

3.增加細節，銜接連貫；

4.豐富句式，表達自然；

5.高級詞匯，運用準確。