王麒翔 于洋
[摘要] 目的 比較前后路手術治療頸椎后縱韌帶骨化老年患者的療效并分析影響手術效果的因素。 方法 本研究將回顧性分析2016年1月至2020年1月在錦州醫科大學附屬第一醫院行手術治療的老年后縱韌帶骨化患者32例,根據術式的不同分為行前路減壓融合術的前路組15例;行后路單開門椎管擴大成形術的后路組17例,采用日本骨科協會評分(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)及疼痛數字等級評分(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)來評估手術療效,比較兩組手術時間、術中出血量、住院時間、并發癥情況,分析手術療效的影響因素。 結果 兩組患者手術后JOA評分均明顯提高(P<0.01)、術后神經改善率無統計學差異(P>0.05)、術后NRS評分降低(P<0.01),前路組術中出血量少于后路組(P<0.05),但后路組的手術時間較前路組的短(P<0.05),兩組間住院時間比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),術前后路組患者骨化節段數多于前路組(P<0.01),兩組的年齡、性別、并發癥等方面比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),在兩種術式中,男性患者較女性患者術后神經改善率低(P<0.01),術前JOA評分<10分患者較≥10分患者的術后神經改善率低(P<0.01)、術前脊髓高信號患者較無高信號患者術后神經改善率低(P<0.01)。 結論 前路減壓融合術與后路單開門椎管擴大成形術對治療頸椎后縱韌帶骨化老年患者均能取得滿意效果;患者男性、術前JOA低評分、脊髓高信號是導致手術療效差的影響因素。
[關鍵詞] 頸椎后縱韌帶骨化;前路手術;后路手術;手術療效
[中圖分類號] R445? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)14-0084-04
Comparison of the efficacy of anterior and posterior operation in elderly patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament and its influencing factors
WANG Qixiang1? ?YU Yang2
1.Faculty of Graduate, Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, Jinzhou? ?121000, China; 2.Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, Jinzhou? ?121000, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effects of anterior and posterior operation for elderly patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), and to analyze the factors affecting the surgical effect. Methods 32 elderly patients with ossification of OPLL who underwent surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University from January 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into the anterior group (anterior cervical decompression and fusion, n=15) and the posterior group (open-door laminoplasty through posterior approach, n=17). Seventeen patients in the posterior group were evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time and complications were compared between the two groups, and the influencing factors of the operation effect were analyzed. JOA scores of patients in both groups were significantly improved after operation (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the postoperative nerve improvement rate(P>0.05). NRS score decreased after operation(P<0.01). The amount of bleeding in the anterior group was less than that in the posterior group (P<0.05), but the operation time of posterior group was shorter than that of anterior group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in hospital stay between the two groups(P>0.05). The number of ossification segments in posterior group was more than that in anterior group before operation(P<0.01). There was no significant difference in age, gender and complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Among the two operative methods, the postoperative neurological improvement rate of male patients was lower than that of female patients(P<0.01). The neurological improvement rate of patients with preoperative JOA score less than 10 points was lower than that of patients with score ≥10(P<0.01). The neurological improvement rate of patients with high signal intensity of spinal cord before operation was lower than that of patients without high signal intensity after operation(P<0.01). Conclusion Anterior cervical decompression and fusion and open-door laminoplasty through posterior approach can achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of elderly patients with ossification of CPLL. Male patients, low preoperative JOA score and high signal intensity of spinal cord are the influencing factors leading to poor surgical effects.
[Key words] Ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament; Anterior surgery; posterior surgery; Surgical effect
頸椎后縱韌帶骨化(Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是一種病因不明,后縱韌帶異常改變壓迫后方脊髓及神經根導致出現相應癥狀的疾病,男性多見[1],主要表現為脊髓型頸椎病的癥狀,包括出現四肢的肌力下降、皮膚感覺異常、行走時出現踩棉花感。我國上海長征醫院通過對7210名退行性頸脊髓病患者的CT觀察發現:OPLL的患病率為18.2%,其中男19.73%,女15.65%,好發年齡主要集中70~79歲[2]。對于出現癥狀且影響日常生活的OPLL患者,手術治療是十分必要的,前、后路手術是目前臨床治療OPLL的常用術式[3-4],兩者均能取得一定的手術療效,但是老年OPLL患者往往病情較重,手術耐受差,選擇哪種術式仍存在爭議。本研究將比較前路與后路手術治療老年OPLL患者的療效并分析影響手術效果的因素,為臨床上治療老年頸椎OPLL患者術式的選擇提供參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1研究對象
選擇2016年1月至2020年7月錦州醫科大學附屬第一醫院收治的老年OPLL患者32例,根據手術方式的不同分為前路(15例)、后路(17例)兩組,其中前路組男10例,女5例,后路組男11例,女6例,兩組患者一般情況資料見表1。納入標準:(1)2016年1月至2020年1月被診斷為頸椎OPLL并在我院接受手術治療的患者;(2)隨訪時間至少半年;(3)無脊椎手術史;(4)無頸椎感染和腫瘤病史;(5)患者年齡≥60周歲;(6)癥狀由頸椎OPLL壓迫脊髓所引起。排除標準:(1)有脊柱既往手術史;(2)有頸椎感染和腫瘤病史;(3)隨訪時間不滿半年;(4)不符合頸椎OPLL癥的診斷標準[5];(5)不能準確的獲取術后相關數據;(6)其他部位OPLL。(7)患者年齡<60周歲。
1.2 方法
全部手術均由同一主刀醫師完成。
1.2.1 前路組? 患者麻醉成功后,取仰臥位,消毒鋪巾,沿前路頸部橫紋逐層切開,對受壓節段實施減壓,擴大減壓直達骨化灶,直視下用咬骨鉗將骨化灶咬除,四周充分游離,后行自體髂骨或鈦網融合及鋼板固定,清洗傷口,放置引流管,逐層縫合切口。
1.2.2 后路組? 患者麻醉成功后,取俯臥位,消毒鋪巾,沿頸后路正中縱向切口逐層切開,暴露C3~C7關節突與椎板交界處,選擇脊髓受壓嚴重側“開門”,用超聲骨刀沿小關節內側緣切開椎板全層,將對側相節段作為門軸側,保留內層皮質骨,掀開椎板后清除粘連部分,在開門側用鈦板固定,清洗傷口,放置引流管,逐層縫合切口。
1.3 觀察指標
(1)比較兩組患者的年齡、性別、骨化物范圍情況。(2)比較兩組患者的手術時間、出血量、并發癥、手術前后NRS[6](疼痛數字等級評分:將患者疼痛程度用0~10數字表示,由患者自行選擇疼痛數字,0代表無痛,10代表生不如死的疼痛)、JOA(根據患者的四肢、軀干感覺運動功能及膀胱功能對患者進行評分,最低分為0,最高分為17,評分越高代表患者神經功能越好)評分,并計算末次隨訪神經改善率(%)=(末次隨訪JOA評分-術前JOA評分)/(17-術前JOA評分)×100%[7]。(3)分析手術療效的影響因素。
1.4 統計學分析
所有數據均使用SPSS 22.0統計學軟件進行數據分析。計量資料采用t檢驗。計數資料采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05表示差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 圍手術期情況
兩組患者均順利完成手術,前路組術中出血量少于后路組(P<0.05),但手術時間較后路組長(P<0.05);兩組間住院時間無統計學差異(P>0.05),前路組中并發腦脊液漏2例,C5神經根麻痹3例,后路組中并發切口感染2例,腦脊液漏3例,C5神經根麻痹1例,兩組間并發癥發生情況比較,無統計學差異(P>0.05)。
2.2隨訪情況
兩組患者末次隨訪時較手術前JOA評分均明顯提高(P<0.01),NRS評分較手術前下降(P<0.05),疼痛得以緩解,兩組間術前、末次隨訪時JOA評分、NRS疼痛評分及神經改善率比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩種術式均能取得良好的療效。
2.3手術療效影響因素
分別分析患者性別、年齡、術前JOA評分及術前是否有脊髓高信號對術后神經功能改善率的影響,以此來推測影響手術療效的影響因素。老年男性患者較女性患者改善率低(P<0.01);術前JOA評分越低的老年患者術后神經功能改善率越低(P<0.01);術前脊髓高信號術后改善率差(P<0.01);患者年齡對術后神經功能影響無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
3 討論
目前對于治療有癥狀頸椎OPLL的術式選擇仍然存在較大爭議,但實際臨床工作中后入路較前入路運用更多,這可能與后入路術式療效確切,操作相對簡單安全,臨床醫生更容易學習有關。后路手術雖不能切除骨化灶達到直接減壓的目的,但其在擴大椎管的同時保留了椎管后方結構,維持了脊柱的穩定性并且保留部分活動度。Nakashima等[8]對101名行單開門椎管擴大成形術的頸椎OPLL患者做了回顧性分析,發現術后10年內需要再次手術的風險百分比為1%,再手術主要原因是因為骨化物繼續增大。Lee等[9]對11篇文獻進行薈萃分析,共納入行椎管成形術的頸椎OPLL患者429例,其中術后骨化進展率為62.5%,術后2年再次出現神經根癥狀概率為8.3%,隨著時間的推移,OPLL會繼續發展,手術效果會越來越差。后路手術的臨床療效是確切的,但有OPLL繼續進展的風險,對于年輕的頸椎OPLL患者不建議行該術式,以后可能因為骨化物增大導致需要再次手術。
前路手術優點是可以直接解除來自脊髓前方的壓迫;手術創口小,出血量少;有利于維持頸椎生理曲度,并且能恢復椎間隙高度,減輕神經根癥狀,但是其操作相對復雜,醫生學習曲線長。Yudoyono等[10]在對913例頸椎OPLL患者進行回顧性研究后發現前路手術較后路具有更高的并發癥發生率,雖然前路手術較后路并發癥發生率高,但是后路手術具有更高的手術切口感染率[11]。本研究發現兩者并發癥之間無統計學差異,這可能是因為樣本量過少導致的。有學者建議對于椎管占位率≥50%或骨化范圍小的患者應首選前路手術[12-13],這與本研究的觀點相吻合,也有學者建議當椎管占位率≥60%時選擇前路手術[14]。Moon等[15]在對前路與后路手術治療頸椎OPLL的長短期療效比較的研究中得出,前路術式可提供更好的長期(>48個月)療效。有文獻報道一名行前路手術的頸椎OPLL患者,術后1年影像學檢查未發現OPLL,但在第2年發現新發OPLL并伴有神經根癥狀,期間再次行前后路手術,癥狀好轉[16],說明前路手術在將骨化物已切除干凈的情況下仍有復發可能,但畢竟這種情況報道較少,仍然建議年輕頸椎OPLL患者在有條件的情況下首選前路手術。
綜上所述,前路減壓融合術與后路單開門椎管擴大成形術對治療頸椎后縱韌帶骨化老年患者均能取得滿意效果,前路減壓融合術出血量相對較少,更適用于骨化節段少的老年OPLL患者,但手術難度較大,手術時間長;后路單開門椎管擴大成形術手術時間短,操作相對簡單,更適用于骨化節段多的老年OPLL患者,但術中出血量較多;男性患者、術前JOA低評分、脊髓高信號是導致手術療效差的影響因素。老年OPLL患者往往具有病情較重,手術耐受差等特點,在能耐受手術的情況下,建議首選后路手術。本研究因納入的樣本量有限,具有一定的局限性,還待以后并大樣本量進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-12)