V-ing形式作定語和表語

王振祥

動詞V-ing形式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語以及狀語。今天我們主要研討一下其作定語和表語的用法：

一、V-ing形式作定語

1. 單個的動詞V-ing形式作定語，通常位于所修飾詞之前。例如：

boiling water， the rising sun， the surprising news， the moving blackboard

Which class does the shouting boy come from？ 那個大喊大叫的男孩來自哪個班？

2. 由動詞V-ing形式構成的短語作定語，只能位于所修飾詞之后。例如：

Who is the girl following our English teacher all the way？ 一直跟在我們英語老師身后的那個女孩是誰？

The boy having seen the accident said that the car knocked the man off his bike. 看見事故的那個男孩說那輛車把那個人從自行車上撞落下來。

現在分詞作定語，相當于定語從句的省略，上述三句可補全如下：

Which class does the boy that is shouting come from？

Who is the girl that followed our English teacher all the way？

The boy who had seen the accident said that the car knocked the man off his bike.

3. V-ing形式作定語，還可表示所修飾詞語的用途，可換用for表示。例如：

a sleeping car = a car for sleeping 臥鋪車廂

a sleeping pill = a pill for sleeping 安眠藥丸

a walking stick = a stick for walking 拐杖

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池

當然，V-ing形式作定語更多的時候說明的是所修飾詞的性質、特征、所處的狀態等。例如：

a sleeping dog = a dog that is sleeping正在睡覺的狗

a walking man = a man who is walking正在走路的男子

4. 另外，V-ing形式作定語時，容易和V-ed分詞發生錯用。V-ing形式有“主動”或“進行中”之意，V-ed分詞則表示“被動”或“已完成”。試比較如下：

She is the student representing her school to attend the conference. （表示主動） 她是代表她學校參會的那個學生。

I think youd agree hes a respected columnist. （表示被動） 我想你得承認他是個備受尊敬的專欄作家。

You cant drink boiling water. You can drink boiled water. 你不能飲用滾燙的水，你可以飲用（涼）開水。（V-ing形式表進行中，V-ed分詞表已完成）

二、V-ing形式作表語

V-ing形式作表語可分兩種情況：1. 相當于形容詞;2. 相當于名詞。例如：

English is quite interesting. （interesting相當于形容詞）

Her job is teaching English. （teaching English相當于名詞）

第一種情況，應注意其與過去分詞的區別。V-ing形式表示“主動”之意，V-ed分詞則表示“被動”。試比較如下：

This news is really disappointing. We are all disappointed at the news. 這個消息真地很令人失望。我們對這個消息都很失望。（V-ing形式表主動，V-ed分詞表被動）

第二種情況易與進行時結構相混，可從以下兩個方面予以區別：

1. 看主語是否是V-ing動詞的執行者（即V-ing動詞的動作是否是句子主語的動作）。是則為進行時，不是則為V-ing形式。例如：

1） He is cleaning the street. 他正在打掃街道。

2） His job is cleaning the street. 他的工作是打掃街道。

例1中的clean是主語he的動作，為進行時。例2中的clean顯然不是his job的動作，為V-ing形式。

2. 看V-ing動詞（結構）能否與主語對換位置。能則為V-ing形式，不能則為進行時。例如：

3） The most difficult problem is building the bridge base. 最困難的問題是建造橋基。

4） They are building the bridge base. 他們正在建造橋基。

例3可以調整為：“Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem.”，故為V-ing形式。而例4則不能（Building the bridge are they. 不正確），故為進行時。

【跟蹤練習】

一、用動詞V-ing形式改寫下列句子。

1. I dont know the man who is nodding to my father.

2. A train was coming and the boy who was playing on the tracks was too frightened to move.

3. The patient is sitting in the room which faces south.

4. The dustmen who were going on strike said they were badly paid.

5. Today at least in the eyes of the law blacks who live in America have the equal rights as whites.

6. Air which gives us life is around us.

7. The watch that belongs to Mary is lost.

8. We can see the plane is taking off from the airport.

9. I saw he was riding his bike in the street.

10. The citizens in Pisa saw a light ball and a heavy ball were falling at about the same speed.

二、用所給動詞的適當形式填空。

1. The teacher and students were all ____ （please） with the ____ （please） result.

2. There are two hundred boys ____ （range） from seven to fourteen in age.

3. From her sad expression， we can know that the outcome is really ____ （disappoint）.

4. A ____ （fly） bird can be a great danger to any airplane， ____ （cause） an air crash.

5. The ____ （defeat） player received an ____ （encourage） message from his wife.

6. Our first step is ____ （divide） the hall into several separate offices.

7. The most difficult task was ____ （search） for the lost child in the valley.

8. ____ （boil） water is still very hot while ____ （boil） water may be cool enough to drink.

9. The ____ （march） soldiers were ____ （excite）， ____ （shout） slogans all the way.

10. The naughty boy is extremely ____ （disappoint）. His behavior made the teacher ____ （annoy） again.