胡小偉 陸葉婷 朱翔毅 王怡青 李佳音


[摘要]目的分析國內外神經內科住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓的現狀。方法檢索中國知網和Pubmed數據庫中神經內科住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓的文獻,至2021年8月16日。同時檢索中國和美國官方網站,查找神經內科住院醫師培訓中腦電圖的內容。結果最終納入20篇文獻,分析國內外腦電圖教學與培訓的要求、目標、評估和效果;新冠疫情下的腦電圖培訓。參考中國住院醫師規范化培訓內容與標準以及美國醫學畢業生教育評審委員會神經內科住院醫師培訓里程碑計劃,比較兩國腦電圖培訓之異同。結論隨著技術的進步,腦電圖教學模式的變革取得較好效果。但即使在美國,住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓也仍然存在問題,有待改進。
[關鍵詞]神經內科;住院醫師;腦電圖;教學;培訓
[中圖分類號] R246.6;C975? [文獻標識碼] A?? [文章編號]2095-0616(2021)24-0011-04
Analysis of the current situation of electroencephalogram teaching and training for neurology residents
HU? Xiaowei??? LU? Yeting??? ZHU? Xiangyi??? WANG? Yiqing??? LI? Jiayin
Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Suzhou 215000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the current situation of electroencephalogram (EEG) teaching and training for domestic and foreign neurology residents. Methods The pieces of literature on EEG teaching and training of neurology residents in CNKI and PubMed database were searched, with the date of search results up to August 16, 2021. Moreover, the official websites of China and the United States were searched to obtain the contents of EEG training for neurology residents. Results A total of 20 pieces of literature were included to analyze the requirements, objectives, evaluation and effects of domestic and foreign EEG teaching and training. EEG training was studied under the COVID-19. The contents and standards of standardized resident training in China and the milestone plan of neurology resident training of the American Medical Graduate Education Review Committee were referred and the similarities and differences of EEG training between the two countries were compared. Conclusion With the progress of technology, the reform of EEG teaching mode has achieved good results . However, even in the United States, there are still some problems in EEG teaching and training for residents, which need to be improved.
[Key words] Neurology; Resident physician; Electroencephalogram; Teaching; training
中國于2014年啟動住院醫師規范化培訓制度建設工作,實現與國際醫學教育模式接軌[1]。中國醫師協會于2015年發布住院醫師規范化培訓內容與標準(試行)[2]。因為神經內科的疾病具有臨床表現多樣、病情復雜和預后不佳等特點,輔助檢查的專業性強,包括腦電圖;所以神經內科住院醫師培訓對于神經電生理輪轉時間,學習目的、基本要求都有相應的規定[2]。腦電圖教學與培訓在實踐中存在不足之處。研究顯示經過正規腦電圖培訓,神經內科住院醫師對于腦電圖閱讀的正確率仍不高,近半數住院醫師即使在指導下也無法正確閱讀腦電圖[3]。調查還發現住院醫師培訓中存在腦電圖接觸少、無效教學和住院醫師缺乏興趣等問題[4]。
本研究檢索國內外相關文獻,分析神經內科住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓的現狀,為今后教學改革提供借鑒。
1方法
1.1檢索策略
檢索日期至2021年8月16日。檢索方法:①Pubmed數據庫檢索:檢索公式為“((((Electroencephalography? OR electroencephalogram OREEGORelectroencephalograms) OR (Electroencephalography[MeSH Terms])) A N D ((((Education[MeSH Subheading]) OR (teaching [ M e S H Terms])) OR (Learning[MeSH? Terms]))OR (Education? OR teaching OR learning OR training))) AND (resident)) AND ((neurology) OR (neurology[MeSH Terms]))”;②中國知網數據庫檢索:檢索公式為(全文:神經內科)AND(全文:住院醫師)AND(全文:腦電圖)AND(全文:培訓)。以上檢索語言分別為英語和中文。③互聯網檢索中國和美國官方網站,查找神經內科住院醫師培訓中腦電圖的內容。
1.2納入及排除標準
1.2.1納入標準文獻中需同時包含以下內容:①神經內科(neurology);②住院醫師(resident);③腦電圖(electroencephalography);④教學或培訓(education or training)。
1.2.2排除標準包含以下任何一條:①專科醫師培訓;②非英文或中文文獻。通過納入文獻的全文或參考文獻追溯符合標準的其他文獻。兩名研究者獨立檢索、篩選和納入文獻,如有分歧則由一名高級研究者進行裁定。
2結果
Pubmed數據庫檢索結果為70篇文獻,標題和摘要篩查后24篇符合,全文篩選最后納入12篇[3-14];另外追溯到4篇文獻[15-18]。中國知網數據庫檢索結果為358篇,期刊論文146篇,學位論文169篇,會議23篇。標題和摘要篩查后3篇期刊論文符合納入和排除標準[19-21]。另追溯到1篇文獻并納入[22]。共納入20篇文獻。時間跨度為2012年至2021年,其中來自美國的文獻13篇,中國4篇,加拿大2篇,土耳其1篇。調查研究的對象以神經內科住院醫師為主,兼顧培訓項目主管和指導老師。報道的主題包括對神經內科住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓現狀的問卷調查,互聯網時代的腦電圖培訓課程設置,新冠疫情下腦電圖培訓的應對等,見表1。
其次于中國和美國官方文件中,提取神經內科住院醫師培訓中腦電圖的內容,中國為住院醫師規范化培訓內容與標準(試行)[2];美國為醫學畢業生教育評審委員會神經內科住院醫師培訓里程碑計劃[23-24];中美神經內科住院醫師培訓中腦電圖內容比較見表2。
3討論
本研究通過對Pubmed和中國知網的系統檢索,多數為來自美國和中國的研究,結合中美兩國官方指導文件,比較全面地闡述了神經內科住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓的現狀。國內外腦電圖教學與培訓均卓有成效。盡管如此,即使在美國,住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓也仍然存在問題,均有待改進。
腦電圖培訓的時間是最基本的要素。自1999—2021年,美國住院醫師培訓期間用于腦電圖的時間保持不變,平均約為2個月(0~4月)[4,25-26]。美國住院醫師培訓需要4年完成,調查發現要在培訓第3~ 4年才能達到美國 ACGME 神經內科住院醫師培訓里程碑計劃設定的腦電圖教學目標[18]。在此基礎上,即使是短期腦電圖強化訓練也是有必要的[6]。只有經過持續培訓才有可能讓神經內科住院醫師勝任重癥監護室等特殊環境中的腦電圖閱讀工作[14]。中國神經內科住院醫師培訓細則規定神經電生理室輪轉2個月,但是培訓項目不僅包括腦電圖,還涵蓋肌電圖和誘發電位[2]。
腦電圖培訓目標有必要設定得更為明確。中國的腦電圖培訓目標要求熟悉檢查結果的臨床意義[2],而臨床工作中住院醫師承擔的角色是獨立或在上級醫師指導下正確解讀腦電圖。美國 ACGME 神經內科住院醫師培訓里程碑計劃要求住院醫師在畢業時應該能夠“解釋常見的腦電圖異常,識別正常的腦電圖變異,并創建報告”[23]。其中“常見腦電圖異常”無明確所指,且缺乏關于評估腦電圖報告準確性和質量的任何指導。最新一項對美國住院醫師項目主管的調查發現,腦電圖教學效果的評估缺乏客觀和統一的標準[4]。因此培訓目標的明確有助于考核的實施。
腦電圖培訓效果在報道中并不一致。新的培訓模式和方法提高了腦電圖培訓的質量[5,7-8,12-13,19,21]。盡管如此,在美國,近50%住院醫師不能正確解讀腦電圖[3,10],約25%的住院醫師畢業時未達到腦電圖培訓的目標[4,9],住院醫師認為腦電圖培訓不充分[17]。這些問題的解決需要經過不斷的探索和調整,優化腦電圖教學內容和教學模式[20]。腦電圖教學和培訓障礙的具體解決方案包括:增加對腦電圖的接觸,延長輪轉時間和次數,而且是專門在腦電圖室的輪轉,增加癲癇單元的輪轉,及時有效地評估教學效果[4]。
總之,腦電圖教學模式的變革取得了較好的效果,但住院醫師腦電圖教學與培訓仍然存在問題,本研究可供住院醫師、教師和管理部門借鑒,未來優化實施,進一步提高腦電圖教學與培訓的質量。
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(收稿日期:2021-10-12)