奚偉健 沈玲飛 張志群






[摘要] 目的 系統評價無創高頻振蕩通氣用于早產兒的有效性及安全性。方法 計算機檢索Cochrane、CNKI、PubMed、Embase、維普、萬方等數據庫中自數據庫建立至2020年1月所有無創高頻振蕩通氣和經鼻持續正壓通氣作為早產兒呼吸支持方式的隨機對照試驗,按照納入和排除標準篩選文獻、提取資料,并依據 Cochrane Handbook 的質量評價標準評價納入研究質量后,用 RevMan5.3軟件進行 meta 分析。結果 共納入11個隨機對照試驗,合計927例患者。無創高頻振蕩通氣與經鼻持續正壓通氣組相比較,無創通氣失敗率較低[RR=0.39,95%CI:(0.29,0.51),P=0.000],支氣管肺發育不良發生率更低[RR=0.55,95%CI:(0.38,0.79)P=0.001],兩組患兒壞死性小腸結腸炎、顱內出血、動脈導管未閉、早產兒視網膜病等并發癥的發生率差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),CO2 清除效果更佳[WMD=-3.33,95%CI:(-6.23,-0.43)P=0.020]。結論 無創高頻振蕩通氣對比經鼻持續正壓通氣可顯著降低無創通氣失敗率,減少支氣管肺發育不良發生率,并無加重或減少壞死性小腸結腸炎、顱內出血、動脈導管未閉、早產兒視網膜病等相關并發癥風險,有效清除CO2。
[關鍵詞] 無創高頻振蕩通氣;經鼻持續正壓通氣;早產兒;支氣管肺發育不良
[中圖分類號] R722.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)09-0055-04
Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in respiratory support of premature infants
XI Weijian1? ?SHEN Lingfei1? ?ZHANG Zhiqun1,2
1.The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou? ?310053, China; 2.Department of Neonatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou? ?310003, China
[Abstract] Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in premature infants. Methods Randomized controlled trials of all noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and nasal continuous positive pressure ventilation as respiratory support for premature infants from database establishment to January 2020 in Cochrane, CNKI, PubMed, Embase, VIP, Wanfang databases were searched by computer. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, literature was screened, data were extracted, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the quality evaluation criteria of the Cochrane Handbook. meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3 software. Results A total of 11 randomized controlled trials with a total of 927 patients were included. Compared with the nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation group, the noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation group had lower ventilation failure rate [RR=0.39, 95% CI:(0.29, 0.51), P= 0.000], lower incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia [RR=0.55, 95% CI:(0.38, 0.79), P=0.001], and better CO2 removal effect [WMD=-3.33, 95% CI: (-6.23, -0.43), P=0.020]. There was no statistical difference in the incidence rate of complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis, intracranial hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, and retinopathy of prematurity between the two groups. Conclusion Compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation can significantly reduce the failure rate of noninvasive ventilation, reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and effectively remove CO2, without aggravating or reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, intracranial hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity and other related complications.
[Key words] Noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation; Nasal continuous positive airway pressure; Premature infants; Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
早產兒最常見的疾病之一是新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征[1]。產前激素可以有效降低新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征的發生率[2]。有創通氣常作為呼吸支持手段但易致支氣管肺發育不良(bronchopulmonarydysplasia,BPD)等相關并發癥風險上升[3]。無創高頻振蕩通氣(noninvasive high frequency oscillatory ventilation,NHFOV),具有高通氣頻率、低潮氣量、穩定的氣道壓等優點[4]。最近發表的一篇NHFOV的meta分析[5]有效評估了其CO2清除率及插管風險,但受限于納入文獻數量過少及樣本量未對BPD等遠期指標進行分析。國外最新發表了2項樣本量較大的隨機對照試驗[6,7],為進一步驗證NHFOV在早產兒呼吸支持中的療效及安全性,本文收集了國內外發表的有關NHFOV的隨機對照試驗進行meta分析,現報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
1.1.1檢索策略? 分別在中國學術期刊全文數據庫(CNKI)、萬方數據庫、V.I.P、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane 等數據庫,檢索數據庫建立至2020年1月有關無創高頻振蕩通氣(NHFOV)和經鼻持續正壓通氣(nasal continuous positive pressure ventilation,NCPAP)作為早產兒呼吸支持方式的隨機對照試驗。
1.1.2文獻納入標準? ①研究類型為隨機對照試驗;②研究對象為早產兒,隨機使用NHFOV或NCPAP治療;③報告了以下結局指標中的一個以上:主要結局指標:無創通氣失敗率、BPD發生率;次要結局指標:CO2水平;壞死性小腸結腸炎(necrotizing enterocolitis ,NEC)、顱內出血(intraventricular hemorrhage,IVH)、動脈導管未閉(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)、早產兒視網膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)發生率。
1.1.3文獻排除標準? ①非隨機對照試驗;②無法提取數據的文獻;③重復發表的文獻。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1資料提取? 由2位評價者各自獨立閱讀符合入選條件的研究文獻,獨立摘錄每一項研究的信息,同時對入選研究資料的設計、實施和分析過程進行再評價。有爭議的文獻通過第三位作者進行評定是否納入。
1.2.2文獻質量評價? 采用 Cochrane 評價手冊 5.1.0 推薦的標準評價納入研究的質量,評判先由2名經過嚴格循證醫學學習人員獨立評判,若出現分歧,則交由第3名經過嚴格循證醫學學習的人員獨立評判。
1.3觀察指標
主要指標:無創通氣失敗率、BPD發生率;次要指標: IVH、ROP、NEC、PDA發生率;CO2水平。
1.4 統計學方法
由作者按meta分析要求獨立提取整理入選文獻,提取內容為文獻的基本信息、研究類型、研究對象特征。由兩名經過循證醫學學習人員獨立驗證后,制作文獻信息提取表。
2 結果
2.1文獻檢索基本情況
本研究的文獻篩選流程見圖1,納入文獻的質量評價見圖2,文獻的基本情況具體見表1,最后納入11篇隨機對照試驗研究[6-16]。采用Stata12.1軟件檢測無創通氣失敗率、BPD發生率的發表偏倚,P>0.05,提示無明顯發表偏倚。
RCT:隨機對照試驗;RRCT:隨機對照交叉試驗;PS(Pulmonary surfactant)肺表面活性物質NA;無法獲取;a:mean(sd)
2.2 主要結局指標
2.2.1無創通氣失敗率? 納入9篇文獻,結果顯示兩組差異有統計學意義[RR=0.39,95%CI:(0.29,0.51),P=0.000]見圖4;敏感性分析后P=0.000,證實了結果的可靠性見表3。
2.2.2支氣管肺發育不良(BPD)發生率? 納入6篇文獻,結果顯示兩組差異有統計學意義[RR=0.55,95%CI:(0.38,0.79),P=0.001],見圖5;敏感性分析后P=0.270,見表3。
2.3次要結局指標
除CO2清除率差異有統計學意義[WMD=-3.33,95%CI:(-6.23,-0.43),P=0.020]外,其余次要結局指標,兩組差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
本文同之前發表的meta分析[5]結果一致,證實NHFOV對比NCPAP可顯著降低無創通氣失敗率,降低插管風險,行敏感性分析,P=0.000結果同前,證實了結果的可靠性。BPD是一類多遺傳因素與環境因素相互作用的慢性肺疾病,在早產兒中尤為常見[17]。本文對結局指標包含BPD發生率的6篇文獻進行meta分析,NHFOV組BPD發病率低于NCPAP組,兩組差異有統計學意義(P=0.001),但敏感性分析后P=0.270,前后結果不一致,這可能是因為:①BPD 發病因素復雜,除有創機械通氣外,感染、營養、氧毒性以及基因易感性也是重要病因[14];②敏感性分析僅納入2項研究, 樣本量偏小, 檢驗效能不足;③極早產兒(GA<28周)是BPD的高危人群[18],Gortner等[19]的研究報道GA<26周BPD發生率高56%,本文研究人群胎齡偏大。
自Vander等[4]的研究指出NHFOV能有效清除CO2,其后陸續有一些研究[20-21]的結論與Vander等一致,但多為回顧性研究,樣本量小,缺乏足夠的循證醫學證據。本文較之前發表的有關NHFOV的meta分析[5]新納入5項RCT,有效評估了BPD、IVH等遠期并發癥風險。
本文尚存在以下局限性:①納入患兒胎齡偏大; ②缺乏高質量隨機對照試驗。③呼吸機參數設置、通氣失敗標準、療效評估等存在差異。
本研究發現NHFOV對比NCPAP可顯著降低無創通氣失敗率,減少BPD發生率,并無加重或減少IVH、NEC、PDA、ROP等相關并發癥風險,有效清除CO2。該結論有待高質量大規模多中心隨機對照試驗驗證。
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(收稿日期:2021-09-11)