

摘 要 目的:探討機器人輔助單孔腹腔鏡根治性前列腺切除術(Single-port Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,spRARP)治療中高危前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer, PCa)患者的臨床應用價值。方法:回顧性分析哈爾濱醫科大學附屬第一醫院2021年6月—2022年1月行spRARP手術患者的臨床資料和圍手術期指標,所有患者術前均評估為中高危PCa。結果:本研究共納入8例患者,平均年齡為69.75(50~80)歲,平均體重指數(BMI)為24.75(17.96~28.34)kg/m2,平均PSA為 43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,Gleason評分平均為7(6~8)分。手術均順利完成,未發生中轉開腹或增加輔助通道。平均手術時間為219.38(130~290)min,平均出血量131.25(20~400)ml,術后均未使用阿片類鎮痛藥物,術后7d拔除導尿管且術后即刻尿控良好。切緣5例為陰性,3例為陽性,術后短期隨訪(1~6個月)均無漏尿,均無切口部位疼痛及不適感。結論:spRARP治療中高危PCa安全、可行,該術式具有切口小、術后恢復快、疼痛小等特點,但其遠期療效仍待進一步驗證。
關鍵詞 單孔腹腔鏡;機器人輔助腹腔鏡手術;根治性前列腺切除術;安全性
中圖分類號 R697+.3 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 2096-7721(2022)06-0451-05
Abstract Objective: To investigate the clinical application of single-port robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (spRARP) in patients with medium or high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Clinical data and perioperative parameters of patients under spRARP for medium or high-risk PCa in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from June 2021 to January 2022 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: 8 patients were selected in this study, with the average age of 69.75(50-80) years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.75(17.96-28.34)kg/m2. The average PSA was 43.67(8.58-100) ng/ml, and the average Gleason score was 7 (6-8). All surgeries were successfully completed without conversion to laparotomy or adding auxiliary channels. The mean operative time was 219.38 (130-290)min, with an average blood loss of 131.25(20-400)ml. No opiate analgesics were used after operation. The catheter was removed 7 days after operation and immediate postoperative urinary continence was satisfied. Negative margins were found in 5 cases and positive margins in 3 cases. There was no leakage of urine during the short-term follow-up (1-6 months) after operation, and no pain or discomfort occurred at the incision site. Conclusion: spRARP is safe and feasible in treating moderate or high risk PCa, but further studies should be done to confirm its long-term efficacy.
Key words Single-port laparoscopy; Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery; Radical prostatectomy; Safety
前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer,PCa)是男性第二常見的癌癥。據推算,至2030年將會有170萬新發病例和近50萬死亡病例[1]。以往認為根治性前列腺切除術(Radical Prostatectomy,RP)適用于中低危PCa患者。近年來,RP已成為中危和高危患者的行之有效的治療方法,其適應證現已更改為可用于具有高風險、隱匿性轉移和明確轉移性疾病的患者[2]。目前,機器人輔助根治性前列腺切除術(Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,RARP)已成為全球范圍內局限性PCa的主要治療選擇[3]。本研究中采用第4代Da Vinci Xi機器人操作平臺通過單孔專用套管進行單孔機器人輔助根治性前列腺切除術(Single-port Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,spRARP),探討spRARP在中高危患者中的臨床應用價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析哈爾濱醫科大學附屬第一醫院2021年6月—2022年1月行spRARP的8例患者的臨床資料和圍手術期指標。所有患者經前列腺穿刺活檢后病理確定為PCa,并且經患者及家屬同意進行spRARP。所有患者均無腹部手術史,經評估所有患者均為PCa預后風險中高危患者,使用第4代Da Vinci Xi機器人操作平臺進行單孔機器人腹腔鏡PCa根治術。
1.2 方法
患者全身麻醉,取平臥位,雙下肢略分開,取臍下5cm左右行縱形或橫行切口(大小為3~5cm),逐層分開皮膚、皮下組織、腹直肌前鞘,使用醫用橡膠手套自制簡易氣囊充氣800~1000ml擴張間隙,切口置入單孔Port,固定并于Port上置入達芬奇機器人專用通道及輔助通道。患者頭低腳高30°,建立氣腹,置入通道,連接機器人手臂,游離并剔除前列腺部表面脂肪,于左右側前列腺與盆壁紅白相間處分別打開左右盆側筋膜,游離前列腺側方至前列腺尖部,游離靜脈復合體兩側并離斷恥骨前列腺韌帶,縫合靜脈復合體,于前列腺與膀胱交界處切開,鈍銳性結合游離膀胱頸與前列腺,近膀胱頸處銳性離斷部分膀胱頸黏膜,沿前列腺表面繼續向前游離,打開狄氏筋膜,游離至前列腺尖部,游離兩側前列腺韌帶并離斷,游離前列腺后方及兩側,于前列腺尖部離斷尿道,盡可能多保留尿道后壁,切除前列腺,查直腸無損傷,肛門指檢指套未見染血,膀胱內雙側輸尿管口無損傷,重新置入F18三腔尿管,3-0 V-lock縫合尿道和膀胱,使用可吸線減張縫合以減少尿道與膀胱之間的張力,膀胱注入碘伏水無滲漏,最后放置一枚引流管。
2 結果
8例患者手術均順利完成,無中轉開腹或增加輔助通道。患者平均年齡為69.75(50~80)歲,平均BMI為24.75kg/m2,平均PSA為43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,前列腺體積平均為50.17(17.59~71.09)ml,Gleason評分平均為7(6~8)分,PCa預后風險分組為4例中危,4例高危。患者基本信息見表1。
平均手術時間為219.38(130~290)min,平均出血量為131.25(20~400)ml,切緣陰性5例,切緣陽性3例,平均出院時間為7.625d;術后病理分期5例為T1c,1例為T2c,2例為T3b。下面是患者圍手術期指標的信息(見表2)。
術后均未使用阿片類鎮痛藥物,術后第1d排氣,術后7d拔除導尿管,并拆除縫線,切口大小5cm左右,切口愈合良好,術后短期隨訪(1~6個月)均無漏尿,術后短期隨訪所有患者尿控良好,均無切口疼痛不適感,術后短期隨訪3位切緣陽性患者tPSA平均為5.83(0.53~16.01)ng/ml,5位切緣陰性患者tPSA平均為0.064(0.01~0.20)ng/ml。術中情況如圖1。
3 討論
據多篇文獻報道,單孔與多孔機器人根治性前列腺切除術在手術時間、失血量、并發癥發生率、手術切緣陽性率和尿失禁等方面無顯著差異[4]。目前,國內已證實多孔機器人操作平臺進行spRARP是安全、可行的,并且相比機器人多孔腹腔鏡術后住院時間顯著縮短,術后止痛藥需求減少,且具有更好的美容效果,但在并發癥發生率、功能結局方面并無差異[5]。本院在第4代Da Vinci Xi機器人操作平臺進行單孔腹腔鏡治療PCa的手術。根治性前列腺切除術作為PCa綜合治療的一部分,與長期雄激素剝奪治療均可作為高風險及局部晚期PCa的一級治療[6]。和傳統腹腔鏡手術相比,機器人輔助腹腔鏡對于治療PCa在術后尿失禁及勃起功能等方面也可以提供更好的效果[7],而spRARP的術后切口更小,疼痛更小。有文獻報道,淋巴結清掃對于PCa結局并沒有任何直接性益處,并可能帶來更多并發癥[8]。
患者體重指數高、失血量多、PSA高和前列腺體積大會增加手術時間[9-10]。前列腺體積、手術時間、BMI、保留神經的術式是影響術中出血量的重要因素[11-12]。本研究中的8例PCa患者,平均PSA為 43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,前列腺體積平均為50.17(17.59~71.09)ml。
Kocarek J等人[13]進行機器人1400余例PCa根治患者數據統計發現,患者術前PSA平均為6.7ng/ml。患者前列腺體積較大,平均PSA較高,體重指數較高,這些因素都會導致手術難度加大、術中出血量增多、手術時間延長等。本研究中,平均出血量為131.25(20~400)ml,2例高危患者出血量為400ml,其PSAgt;100,前列腺體積較大、手術時間較長,這可能是導致其出血量較大的主要原因。術前PSAgt;10ng/mL,術中失血量gt;200ml,術后分期為pT3是切緣陽性的三個重要影響因素[14],有研究中心報道近2000例高危PCa患者術后切緣陽性率為25%~37%[15],本研究中,術后3位患者切緣陽性,切緣陽性率為37.5%,其中2例術后分期為T3b,1例術后分期為T2c,患者PSA均gt;50ng/ml,2例患者手術時間gt;200ml,均為高危,高危患者術后切緣切緣陽性率要遠比中危患者要高,這可能是導致本研究中患者切緣陽性高的原因。本研究中,8例患者術后平均住院時間為7.625d,這可能與其中1例患者因合并糖尿病、腦梗等繼續治療并發癥有關,其術后住院時間較長,為21d,其余患者平均術后住院時間為5.7d。術后隨訪切緣陽性患者tPSA較高,平均為5.83(0.53~16.01)ng/ml,建議其恢復尿控后進行放療及內分泌治療;切緣陰性患者tPSA平均為0.064(0.01~0.20)ng/ml,大多可以恢復至0.1ng/ml以內,建議密切檢測,考慮術后隨訪tPSA水平可能與術前tpsa及切緣陽性有關。所有患者術后24h內排氣均未發生腸道損傷,均未使用阿片類鎮痛藥物,短期隨訪均無切口疼痛不適感,所有患者均控尿良好。手術切口5cm左右,無其它輔助口,術后美容效果較好。
綜上所述,通過spRARP進行中高危PCa根治術是安全可行的,但其存在學習曲線較長、盆腔無法完成淋巴結清掃等不足。另外該研究僅為初步探索,存在研究樣本例數較、隨訪時間較短、缺乏對照組等缺陷,因此,需要高質量的研究來進一步證實此項研究結果。
參考文獻
[1] Alvarez-Ossorio-Rodal A, Padilla-Fernandez B, Muller-Arteaga C A, et al. Impact of organ confined prostate cancer treatment on quality of life[J]. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed), 2020, 44(9): 630-636.
[2] Costello A J. Considering the role of radical prostatectomy in 21st century prostate cancer care[J]. Nat Rev Urol, 2020, 17(3): 177-188.
[3] Oberlin D T, Flum A S, Lai J D, et al. The effect of minimally invasive prostatectomy on practice patterns of American urologists[J]. Urol Oncol, 2016, 34(6): 251-255.
[4] Fahmy O, Fahmy U A, Alhakamy N A, et al. Single-port versus multiple-port robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(24): 5723.
[5] JU G Q, WANG Z J, SHI J Z, et al. A comparison of perioperative outcomes between extraperitoneal robotic single-port and multiport radical prostatectomy with the da Vinci Si Surgical System[J]. Asian J Androl, 2021, 23(6): 640-647.
[6] Moris L, Cumberbatch M G, Van den Broeck T, et al. Benefits and risks of primary treatments for high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: an international multidisciplinary systematic Review[J]. Eur Urol, 2020, 77(5): 614-627.
[7] Porpiglia F, Morra I, Lucci C M, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy[J]. Eur Urol, 2013, 63(4): 606-614.
[8] Fossati N, Willemse P M, Van den Broeck T, et al. The Benefits and harms of different extents of lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a systematic review[J]. Eur Urol, 2017, 72(1): 84-109.
[9] Violette P D, Mikhail D, Pond G R, et al. Independent predictors of prolonged operative time during robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy[J]. J Robot Surg, 2015, 9(2): 117-123.
[10] Kaneko G, Miyajima A, Yazawa S, et al. What is the predictor of prolonged operative time during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy?[J]. Int J Urol, 2013, 20(3): 330-336.
[11] Moul J W, Sun L, Wu H, et al. Factors associated with blood loss during radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-era: an overview of the Department of Defense (DOD) Center for Prostate Disease Research (CPDR) national database[J]. Urol Oncol, 2003, 21(6): 447-455.
[12] Murakami T, Otsubo S, Namitome R, et al. Clinical factors affecting perioperative outcomes in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy[J]. Mol Clin Oncol, 2018, 9(5): 575-581.
[13] Kocarek J, Heracek J, Cermak M, et al. Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy-results of 1 500 surgeries[J]. Rozhl Chir, 2017, 96(2): 75-81.
[14] Yang C W, Wang H H, Hassouna M F, et al. Prediction of a positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 14329.
[15] Sundi D, Tosoian J J, Nyame Y A, et al. Outcomes of very high-risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: validation study from 3 centers[J]. Cancer, 2019, 125(3): 391-397.