定語從句中關系代詞which與that的用法辨析

周文倩

在英語中，關系代詞which與that均可以引導定語從句，兩者有時可以互換，但在某些情況下則不能互換。對此，筆者剖析了定語從句中關系代詞which與that的用法，以期能夠幫助同學們牢固掌握，避免錯用。

一、只用which的情形

（1）在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞是those，that等，且指物時，其后的關系代詞只能使用which，而不能用that。如：①A mall should keep a stock of thosegoods which sell best.商場應備有暢銷商品的存貨。②She admired those which looked beautiful.她欣賞那些看起來很美的東西。③What is that which is in thebasket？籃子里的那個是什么？

（2）當關系代詞前面出現介詞時，且指物時，那么關系代詞只能用which引導，而不能用that。如：①That is the house in which Luxun used to live.那是魯迅過去常住的房子。②This is the bike by which I usedto go to school.這就是我上學時經常騎的自行車。③The speed with which it is catching up is breathtaking.中國奮起直追的速度是令人驚嘆的。

（3）當句子中含有兩個定語從句，若一個用關系代詞that引導時，另一個則不能再用that，而是用關系代詞which。如：①This is the umbrella that you bor-rowed which you have lost.這就是你借的那把已丟失的雨傘。②He bought a lot of books that could enrichhis knowledge and which could help to kill the time.他買了許多書，這些書可以豐富他的知識，幫助他消磨時間。

（4）在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞多用which引導，而不能用that。如：①She was often late to work，which contributed to her being dismissed.她經常上班遲到，這導致她被解雇。②Beijing，which is the capi-tal of China， is the world's first city to host both theSummer and Winter Olympics。北京，中國的首都，是世界上第一個同時舉辦夏季和冬季奧運會的城市。

二、只用that的情形

（l）當先行詞是something，everything，anything，someone等復合不定代詞時，關系代詞應用that，而不能用which。如：①Everything that you need to know isin there.你需要知道的一切都在這了。②Is there any-thing that is beyond the boundary ofhuman knoWledge？有什么東西是超出人類知識范圍的？

（2）當先詞行前有the only，the very或no，much，1ittle，a11，few等詞修飾時，關系代詞應用that引導，而不能用which。如：①She gave me the very book that lwant to read.她給了我想讀的那本書。②I have said a11that l want to s ay.我想說的都說了。③There is littlemoney that he can spend on buying a car他沒有錢可以買車。

（3）當先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時，關系代詞應用that.而不用which。如：①It was the firsttime that they had lived independently.那是她們第一次獨立生活.②This is the most moⅥng film that I have everseen.這是我看過的最感人的電影。

（4）當先行詞既含有人又有物時，關系代詞應用that，而不用which。如：①The talked about the personsand things that they remembered in the old days.他們談論了記憶中過去的人和事。②The girl and the cat thatare in the plcture are very lovel y.照片中的女孩和貓非常可愛。

【練一練】

①The writerhas witten qulte a few books now，____his teachers and parents didn't expect.

A.as B.that C.which D.ofwllich

②The wires____the macllines were connectedwere 01d.

A.that B.which C.withwllich D.what

③She took photos of the things and people一shewas interested in.

A.that B.which C.as D.what

④I can find no words

can express my gratitudetOyOU.

A.what B.as C.which D.that

【Keys】①C②C③A④D

總之，定語從句是高中英語的一個語法重難點，也是歷年高考的考查熱點之一。同學們要予以重視，準確理解和掌握。

（作者單位：江蘇省鹽城中學）