



摘" " 要:育粉6號(hào)是金粉1號(hào)粉蕉品種經(jīng)組培誘變選育出來的抗香蕉枯萎病粉蕉新品種。新植蕉平均株高為335.3 cm,假莖基圍、中圍為84.2和 57.5 cm,分別比金粉1號(hào)小27.1%、23.3%和11.5%。成熟果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為28.9%、可滴定酸含量為1.4%、維生素C含量為12.8 mg·100 g-1 、還原糖含量為14.4%,可食率為75.5%,風(fēng)味甘甜無酸,品質(zhì)優(yōu)。新植蕉生長周期13~15個(gè)月,比金粉1號(hào)短2~3個(gè)月,宿根蕉生長周期比金粉1號(hào)短1~2個(gè)月。該品種高抗Foc 4號(hào)生理小種(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4),田間枯萎病發(fā)病率0.1%~5.0%。果實(shí)成熟后期無梅花點(diǎn),貨架期4~6 d。該品種在我國香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)種植均表現(xiàn)出較好的適應(yīng)性。平均單株產(chǎn)量22.5 kg,單位面積產(chǎn)量42 000 kg·hm-2(1860株·hm-2)。
關(guān)鍵詞:粉蕉;新品種;育粉6號(hào);抗病
中圖分類號(hào):S668.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)09-2024-05
收稿日期:2023-06-21 接受日期:2023-07-19
基金項(xiàng)目:廣西科技重大專項(xiàng)(桂科AA22068090);廣西自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2021GXNSFBA075045,2022GXNSFAA035543);國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(CARS-31)
作者簡介:趙明,女,副研究員,主要從事果樹育種與栽培研究工作。Tel:13978642490,E-mail:zhaoming@gxaas.net
*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:13978859115,E-mail:zy@gxaas.net
Breeding of a new Pisang Awak (ABB) variety Yufen No. 6 with high resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
ZHAO Ming, LONG Fang, WU Peng, ZOU Yu*, MO Tianli, HUANG Xiang, HE Haiwang
(Bio-technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China)
Abstract: Yufen No. 6 is a new banana variety with high resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The seedling was a mutant induced by tissue culture and selected through multiple generations, which had been bred through multiple generations. Due to its resistance to Fusarium wilt of banana, short growth cycle, dwarfing, and excellent comprehensive traits, it was selected in the primary election in 2014. From 2016 to 2018, a variety comparison test was carried out in Nanning, Yulin, Laibin, Congzuo of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and other sites. From 2018 to 2020, multiple regional tests and production tests were conducted in autonomous regions or provinces of Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangdong. The new cultivar was licensed by the State Forestry and Grassland Administration in March 2023. From the overall field evaluation results, this cultivar is a medium high pole type, and the average height of the newly planted banana pseudostem is 335.3 cm, with a base circumference and middle circumference being 84.2 and 57.5 cm, respectively. The 1 stem is yellow green in color and shiny, with a reddish-brown-black color. The leaves of the plant are significantly smaller than the control, with a length and width of 209.0 and 64.6 cm, which are 4.4% and 9.4% smaller than Jinfen No. 1, respectively. Both sides of leaf blade base are rounded. The color of the leaf surface, back and midrib is green and glossy, with a lot of wax powder on the back and sheath. The length of the petiole is 54.7 cm, which is 9.4% shorter than that of Jinfen No. 1. The shape is winged, and the edges of the petiole grooves are closed and overlapped. The fruit panicles are oblique-growing and short cylindrical, compact in structure, neat in comb and good in commodity characteristics. The fruit fingers are arranged in double rows, with a straight shape and indistinct fruit edges. The apex of the fruit fingers is blunt and pointed, and there are persistent floral organs. There is no hair on fruit stalk. The fruit skin is medium-green, the flesh is medium hardness, and the flesh is milky white. Ripe fruit skin is yellow, the flesh is milky white, and mature fruits are persistent, which don’t fall from hands. The banana has sweet flavor without sour taste. The fruit edible rate is 75.5%. The soluble solids content of fruit is 28.9%, titratable acid content is 1.4%, reducing sugar content is 14.4%, and vitamin C content is 12.8 mg·100 g-1. At the late stage of maturity, there is no anthracnose spot on the surface of fruit peel. Fruit quality is excellent. The total number of sprouted leaves is 38-43, which is about 6-10, less than the control variety. The growth cycle of perennial banana seedlings is 11-13 months, which is 1-2 months shorter than that of Jinfen No. 1. The average yield per plant is 22.5 kg, and the production capacity is approximately 42 000 kg per hm2 (1860 plants per hm2). It is highly resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, and the incidence rate is only 0.1%-5.0% in a severely infected field. There are no plum blossom spots in the late stage of fruit maturity, and the shelf life is about 4-6 days. This variety has a wide adaptability and has shown good adaptability when planted in tropical and subtropical banana producing areas such as Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, etc. The cultivation techniques of Yufen No. 6 are summarized from the following aspects of planting materials, plantation location, fertilization, watering management, pest control and field management.
Key words: Pisang Awak (ABB); New variety; Yufen No. 6; Disease resistance
香大蕉(Musa spp.)是世界重要的糧食作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,為全球近6億人口的主食,是世界鮮果貿(mào)易量最大的水果[1]。據(jù)FAO統(tǒng)計(jì),2020年全世界香蕉總產(chǎn)量1.20億噸,總產(chǎn)值4 129.25億美元,其中我國香蕉總產(chǎn)量1 187.26萬噸,總產(chǎn)值834.02億美元,均居世界第二[2]。我國種植和消費(fèi)的栽培蕉類型以三倍體香牙蕉(Musa AAA Cavendish)類品種為主,栽培蕉中另一重要的組成部分是粉蕉(Musa ABB Pisang Awak),果實(shí)香甜、軟糯,銷售價(jià)格高,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益穩(wěn)定,對(duì)香蕉產(chǎn)業(yè)品種結(jié)構(gòu)及產(chǎn)期調(diào)整起到積極作用[3-4]。然而,隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)集約化程度加深,病蟲害問題日益嚴(yán)重,其中香蕉枯萎病是一種毀滅性極強(qiáng)的真菌性病害,主要由尖孢鐮刀菌古巴專化型(Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cubense,F(xiàn)oc)侵染引起[5-6];粉蕉栽培品種少,主栽品種(金粉1號(hào)、廣粉1號(hào)等)普遍存在易感枯萎病、植株高大(460~500 cm)、生長周期過長(16~20個(gè)月)等問題,導(dǎo)致化肥、農(nóng)藥施用量大,自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,極大地限制了產(chǎn)業(yè)的綠色健康發(fā)展[7]。因此,選育并推廣抗病、早熟、矮化等性狀集于一體的粉蕉新品種是控制香蕉枯萎病蔓延、降低生產(chǎn)成本最有效的根本途徑,對(duì)豐富我國香蕉產(chǎn)業(yè)品種結(jié)構(gòu)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展意義重大。
1 選育經(jīng)過
2012年在金粉1號(hào)粉蕉離體快速繁殖過程中誘發(fā)體細(xì)胞無性系變異,獲得變異后代,通過香蕉枯萎病區(qū)田間種植、觀察,2014年從宿根蕉中篩選出4個(gè)抗枯萎病同時(shí)具有優(yōu)良經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的粉蕉新單株,其中1個(gè)新單株同時(shí)還兼具植株相對(duì)矮化和早熟的優(yōu)勢(shì)特性,采集該優(yōu)良單株(編號(hào)為55b)健壯吸芽,通過組織培養(yǎng)快繁獲得2000株種苗,2015年3月移栽到田間,以易感病品種金粉1號(hào)為對(duì)照,果實(shí)采收后,采集具典型特征優(yōu)良單株的健壯吸芽培養(yǎng),并移栽田間種植,通過4次重復(fù)分離篩選及觀察評(píng)價(jià),獲得綜合性狀優(yōu)良、特異性明顯且遺傳穩(wěn)定的55b優(yōu)系。利用ISSR分子標(biāo)記對(duì)55b及金粉1號(hào)的基因組DNA進(jìn)行遺傳分析,55b與金粉1號(hào)的多態(tài)性比率為7.7%,遺傳相似系數(shù)為0.96,二者存在明顯差異(圖1)。于2016—2018年在廣西南寧市、玉林市、來賓市、北海市、崇左市等地對(duì)該品種的植物學(xué)特征、主要經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)特性、生物學(xué)特性及抗性表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),確定其具有生產(chǎn)利用價(jià)值;2018—2020年在廣西、海南、貴州、云南、廣東等主產(chǎn)區(qū)開展生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn),并對(duì)該品種在不同區(qū)域、不同季節(jié)的種植表現(xiàn)及配套栽培技術(shù)進(jìn)行總結(jié),為品種進(jìn)一步推廣與區(qū)域布局提供參考。經(jīng)綜合評(píng)價(jià),該品種具有抗香蕉枯萎病、生長周期短、植株明顯矮化、優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)、風(fēng)味香甜、遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)點(diǎn),定名為育粉6號(hào)。2020年7月17日申請(qǐng)中華人民共和國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部植物新品種保護(hù),經(jīng)相關(guān)部門審核,2023年3月7日獲得植物新品種權(quán)(品種權(quán)號(hào)為CNA20201004033)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
育粉6號(hào)表現(xiàn)為植株樹勢(shì)中庸,主要植物學(xué)性狀測(cè)試結(jié)果如表1所示,新植蕉假莖平均高度335.3 cm,假莖基圍84.2 cm、中圍57.5 cm,與金粉1號(hào)相比分別小27.1%、23.3%和11.5%,假莖顏色黃綠色,有光澤;育粉6號(hào)冠幅較金粉1號(hào)明顯小,葉姿下垂,葉片長度209.0 cm、寬度64.6 cm,葉柄長度54.7 cm,與金粉1號(hào)相比明顯小4.4%、9.4%和9.4%,葉片長寬比為3.2,葉片基部形狀為兩邊圓形且對(duì)稱;葉面、葉背和葉片中脈顏色均為綠色,有光澤,葉背和葉鞘蠟粉多;葉柄形狀為翼狀且不緊抱假莖,葉柄槽邊緣閉合交疊;花穗軸向下斜生,收獲時(shí)雄花蕾形狀近橢圓形,花蕾頂部苞片排列小覆瓦狀,外表面顏色為紫粉紅色,蠟粉較多,內(nèi)表面顏色為紅色,苞片頂部形狀鈍尖,苞片無宿存性,花序軸疤痕突出程度大(圖2)。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
育粉6號(hào)果穗呈圓柱形,結(jié)構(gòu)緊密,果穗長度82.9 cm,寬度40.2 cm,與金粉1號(hào)相比分別小4.4%和6.5%,穗柄顏色為綠色,周長20.7 cm,果梳數(shù)中多,平均12.3梳,梳形整齊,果指雙排排列,果指形狀直,果棱不明顯,果頂鈍尖且有花器官宿存。果指平均長度為15.0 cm,周長為13.6 cm,與金粉1號(hào)相比分別小5.1%和4.2%,果柄無毛;生果皮綠色,果肉硬度中等,果肉為乳白色;平均單株產(chǎn)量為22.5 kg,單位面積產(chǎn)量約42 000 kg·hm-2(1860株·hm-2);一年四季可結(jié)果,以3—6月上市收獲為正造果,果實(shí)產(chǎn)量高、品質(zhì)好、售價(jià)高。
育粉6號(hào)熟果皮顏色為黃色,果實(shí)不易脫把,無裂果情況,果皮薄,厚度為2.8 mm,易剝離,熟果肉顏色為乳白色,果肉質(zhì)地軟滑、細(xì)膩,可食率75.5%,風(fēng)味甘甜、無酸,品質(zhì)優(yōu),可溶性固形物含量為28.9%,可滴定酸含量為1.4%,維生素C含量為12.8 mg·100 g-1,還原糖含量為14.4%,主要品質(zhì)性狀測(cè)試結(jié)果如表2所示,與金粉1號(hào)相比整體風(fēng)味基本一致,無顯著差異。果實(shí)成熟后期無梅花點(diǎn),貨架期約4~6 d。
2.3 生物學(xué)特性
在廣西南寧地區(qū),3月上旬(春植)定植6~8葉齡營養(yǎng)杯苗,9月中下旬—10月中下旬抽蕾,次年4月中旬開始陸續(xù)收獲,收獲時(shí)存綠葉數(shù)8~11片,育粉6號(hào)植株生長總?cè)~片數(shù)為38-43片,與金粉1號(hào)相比葉片數(shù)少6~10片,與其生長周期短吻合;育粉6號(hào)新植蕉生長周期一般13~15個(gè)月,與金粉1號(hào)相比短2~3個(gè)月,留芽宿根蕉生長周期為11~13個(gè)月,與金粉1號(hào)相比短1~2個(gè)月,冬季氣溫低或肥水不足時(shí)生長周期稍長。
2.4 抗性和適應(yīng)性
2015—2019年在廣西南寧市武鳴區(qū)、西鄉(xiāng)塘區(qū),玉林市福綿區(qū)、玉州區(qū),崇左市龍州縣,來賓市武宣縣,貴州省望謨縣等地的香蕉種植區(qū)試驗(yàn)種植,累計(jì)3萬余株,田間調(diào)查枯萎病發(fā)病植株,與金粉1號(hào)相比育粉6號(hào)枯萎病發(fā)病率明顯低,在感染Foc4生理小種的種植園中,金粉1號(hào)的發(fā)病率為10.0%~30.0%,育粉6號(hào)的發(fā)病率為0.1%~5.0%;在感染Foc1生理小種的種植園中,金粉1號(hào)的發(fā)病率為30.0%~100.0%,育粉6號(hào)的發(fā)病率為1.0%~10.0%;育粉6號(hào)宿根留芽也表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗病性,宿根蕉發(fā)病率低于組培新植蕉,可宿根栽培。抗病性苗期鑒定結(jié)果表明,接菌(1×105個(gè)孢子·mL-1 Foc1)后20 d金粉1號(hào)開始出現(xiàn)輕微的病癥,此時(shí),育粉6號(hào)沒有病癥;接菌后80 d,金粉1號(hào)發(fā)病率95.6%,死亡率75.0%,育粉6號(hào)僅有極少數(shù)出現(xiàn)輕微黃化現(xiàn)象,發(fā)病率為6.5%。相較于香芽蕉,育粉6號(hào)對(duì)土壤和氣候的適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng);與金粉1號(hào)相比,育粉6號(hào)植株矮小、株型緊湊、葉片短窄、抗風(fēng)性較強(qiáng);育粉6號(hào)開花期和收獲期比金粉1號(hào)提前,降低自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、節(jié)約種植管理成本。該品種適應(yīng)范圍廣,在廣西、海南、貴州、云南、廣東等熱帶及南亞熱帶香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)種植均表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性,截至目前育粉6號(hào)在廣西的推廣面積已超過800 hm2,并在各種植區(qū)均有逐年增加的趨勢(shì)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 種苗選擇與定植
選擇種源純正、無病蟲害、根系發(fā)達(dá)、達(dá)到8片葉的健壯組培苗定植。根據(jù)不同的種植條件和管理水平確定種植密度為1800~2400株·hm-2。春植宜在3—4月進(jìn)行,秋植宜在9—11月進(jìn)行。
3.2 水肥管理
施肥以有機(jī)肥為主,化學(xué)肥料為輔。貧瘠土壤應(yīng)施足基肥,追肥按照“前促、中控、后補(bǔ)”的原則,肥料可隨灌溉系統(tǒng)一起噴淋,也可撒施在畦面后噴水淋溶,采收前20~30 d停止施肥。
3.3 樹體管理
及時(shí)割除黃化或干枯葉片。選留母株出蕾方向背面或側(cè)面的健壯吸芽,其他吸芽及時(shí)平地面割除并搗碎生長點(diǎn)。果穗宜留7~8梳蕉果。當(dāng)梳數(shù)足夠時(shí),割除多余部分蕉果和花蕾,在末梳留2~3個(gè)節(jié)位的穗柄。
3.4 病蟲草害防治
貫徹“預(yù)防為主,綜合防治”的植保方針,以改善蕉園生態(tài)環(huán)境,加強(qiáng)栽培管理為基礎(chǔ),綜合應(yīng)用各種防治措施,優(yōu)先采用農(nóng)業(yè)防治、生物防治和物理防治措施,科學(xué)合理的化學(xué)防治。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行國家規(guī)定農(nóng)藥使用準(zhǔn)則及安全間隔期,重點(diǎn)預(yù)防細(xì)菌性軟腐病、鞘腐病、煤煙病等主要病害和象甲、交脈蚜等主要蟲害。采用草銨膦類除草劑結(jié)合人工的方式除草。
參考文獻(xiàn) References:
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