巧解高中英語閱讀理解主旨大意題的方法

黃貝貝

主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解能力以及概括能力。一般是針對某一語段或某一語篇的標題或目的設題。這類題目考查的范圍是基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等，要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結。題目語言一般簡潔、凝練，其干擾項的設置往往比較有迷惑性，屬于高層次的閱讀理解題。下面是近3年全國高考主旨大意題題量統計：

一、技巧點撥

標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。文章標題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能涵蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。學生在解答主旨大意題時，要搞清楚是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來進行綜合歸納。如有標題，標題中蘊含的信息往往是關鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

二、典題例析

例1.（溫州市2023屆高三第一次適應性考試） The review points to disappearing and degraded habitat—resulting from climate change， urbanization， agricultural intensification， and international trade—as the leading driver of bird declines worldwide. In a note of hope， the authors cite a 2020 study indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world could avert 60% of likely extinctions.

Lead author Alexander Lees， a research associate at the Cormell Lab， also points to the need for substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses. “Loss and degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources，” says Lees. “We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef， oil， and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprint on the natural world.”

31.What is the last paragraph mainly about？

A. Extra reasons for bird extinction.

B. Possible solutions to habitat loss.

C. Substantial changes in human behavior.

D. The prospect of biodiversity loss.

【解析】B。主旨大意題。該題詢問的是尾段的大意，屬于段落主旨大意題，考生應當認真閱讀尾段，而不能受思維定勢影響概括全文大意。由尾段關鍵詞try to reduce the human footprint可知，最后一段主要講的是棲息地喪失的可能解決辦法。

例2.（江蘇省鎮江市2022-2023學年高三上學期期中調研考試） I started playing the piano when I was around four years old—that was 15 years ago！—and since then， the longest I havent touched piano keys was probably two months. This was an enormous amount of devotion to something that I wasnt even planning to make money off of it—so there must have been something worth holding on to， right？

…

The love and hate Ive had for the piano were both planted and grown. If you too have learned to hate something you once loved—or something you never chose—remember that with dedication， it can be uprooted， and love can make a home in its place. There is always time. There is always room.

31.What is the best title for the text？

A. Practice makes perfect

B. Love cannot be forced

C. Love is a thing that grows

D. There is no end to learning

【解析】C。主旨大意題。文章全篇，特別是尾段中，反復出現的關鍵詞是“love”，結合尾段中的“it can be uprooted， and love can make a home in its place”可知，本文主要通過自己學習樂器的經歷說明熱愛是能夠培養的。C項符合本文標題的特點：短小精悍，涵蓋性強，概括精確。故C項正確。

總之，解答閱讀理解主旨大意題時，需要同學們在閱讀文本時抓住文章的主題句和關鍵詞，并熟練掌握標題的特征和概括技巧，在明確題干設問的基礎上綜合判斷，便能正確答題。