呂世進,蔣鎮宏,張國虎,夏金明,郭亮,賴登攀
重癥患者醫院獲得性血小板減少的預后因素分析
呂世進,蔣鎮宏,張國虎,夏金明,郭亮,賴登攀
杭州師范大學附屬醫院急診科,浙江杭州 310015
探討重癥患者醫院獲得性血小板減少的預后影響因素?;仡櫺苑治?020年1月至2021年12月杭州師范大學附屬醫院的急診重癥監護室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)入院時血小板計數正常,入院后復查血小板計數低于正常值的患者的臨床資料。分析患者的一般資料、實驗室指標、是否有機械通氣、住院時間及28d病死率的差異;采用多因素Logistic回歸分析評價血小板減少的影響因素。共納入141例醫院獲得性血小板減少患者。血小板減少在EICU中的發病率為21.04%(141/670),病死率為33.33%(45/135)。住院天數為15(9,22)d。單因素分析結果顯示,膿毒癥(=0.017)、血小板減少的程度(<0.001)、白細胞計數(=0.029)、中性粒細胞比例(=0.029)、乳酸水平(<0.001)、總膽紅素水平(=0.025)、降鈣素原(=0.012)、急性生理學和慢性健康狀況評價Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)評分(=0.004)、血小板減少的天數(=0.006)、住院天數(=0.001)、機械通氣(=0.001)是影響預后的相關因素。將上述因素納入多因素Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,血小板輕度減少(=0.007,=4.932)、中性粒細胞比例(=0.044,=0.923)、血小板減少的天數(=0.031,=0.883)、住院天數(<0.001,=1.221)、機械通氣(<0.001,=0.077)是影響血小板減少重癥患者預后的獨立因素。血小板輕度減少、中性粒細胞比例、血小板減少天數、住院天數、機械通氣是影響血小板減少重癥患者預后的獨立因素。
醫院獲得性;血小板減少;危險因素;預后
人體血液細胞成分,除了紅細胞、白細胞,還有一種重要的成分——血小板。血小板是一種形狀多樣、無細胞核的胞質小體,由骨髓巨核細胞裂解而來,具有聚集、黏附、激活和釋放功能。大量臨床研究證明,血小板在凝血、止血及炎癥細胞調節方面起著重要作用?;颊咴趹顟B下,常常出現功能障礙和細胞過度活化,一旦內皮細胞功能不全時,血小板發揮其促凝、抗纖、黏附、募集及活化等作用[1]。白細胞、血小板及內皮細胞三者之間互相協同作用增加了內皮細胞功能不全,進而引發明顯的炎癥反應和血栓形成,在整個過程中血小板起著非常重要的作用[2]。
血小板減少是臨床患者常見并發癥之一,重癥患者更容易發生血小板減少。血小板減少嚴重威脅著重癥患者的生命安全[3]。據文獻報道,成人重癥監護病房(intensive care unit,ICU)患者血小板減少發生率為8.3%~67.6%[4-5]。影響血小板減少的因素多種多樣,包括原發性因素和繼發性因素。發生血小板減少的重癥患者其組織器官出血風險和機體需要的輸血量也顯著增加,甚至死亡率也明顯增加[6-7]。但影響醫院獲得性血小板減少(入院時血小板計數≥100×109/L,入院后血小板計數<100×109/L)的重癥患者預后因素仍不明確,目前臨床研究表明,醫院獲得性血小板減少的病因有創傷、嚴重感染、營養障礙、免疫紊亂等多種疾病,病因復雜[8]。本研究旨在探討醫院獲得性血小板減少癥患者的發病原因及預后情況。
采用回顧性研究方法,選取2020年1月至2021年12月杭州師范大學附屬醫院急診重癥監護室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)收治的141例血小板減少患者為研究對象。納入標準:①年齡18~75歲;②入院時血小板計數(platelet count,PLT)≥100×109/L,入院后復查PLT低于正常值。排除標準:①1個月內發生血栓類似疾??;②再生障礙性貧血等原發性骨髓增生異常;③近3個月接受過免疫治療、放療、化療;④系統性紅斑狼瘡等免疫相關性疾病。本研究符合醫學倫理學標準,通過杭州師范大學附屬醫院倫理委員會批準(倫理審批號:202211211559000157124),獲得患者本人或者家屬知情同意。
PLT<50×109/L為嚴重血小板減少;PLT<100×109/L且>50×109/L為輕度血小板減少。PLT正常范圍為≥100×109/L。
①一般資料:記錄患者的年齡、性別、急性生理學和慢性健康狀況評價Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)、基礎疾?。òǜ哐獕?、冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病、腎功能不全等)、住院天數、是否有機械通氣;②引起血小板減少的原因:膿毒癥、非膿毒癥的因素;③實驗室檢查的結果:首次出現血小板減少時,是否PLT>50×109/L、白細胞計數、中性粒細胞比例、血紅蛋白、C反應蛋白、乳酸、總膽紅素、血白蛋白、肌酐、降鈣素原等指標;④預后相關指標:住院時間、住院費用及28d結局。

血小板減少在EICU中的發病率為21.04%(141/670),患者的病死率為33.33%(45/135)?;颊咦≡禾鞌禐?5(9,22)d,入院至出現血小板減少的中位數時間為2d,出現血小板減少至恢復正常中位數時間為5d,28d存活率為68.09%。
141例患者中,28d內病死45例(31.91%)。圖1可見血小板輕度減少組(PLT<100×109/L且>50×109/L)患者的生存時間明顯更長,差異有統計學意義(<0.05)。
單因素分析結果顯示,膿毒癥(=0.017)、血小板減少的程度(<0.001)、白細胞計數(=0.029)、中性粒細胞比例(=0.029)、乳酸水平(<0.001)、總膽紅素水平(=0.025)、降鈣素原(=0.012)、APACHEⅡ評分(=0.004)、血小板減少的天數(=0.006)、住院天數(=0.001)、機械通氣(=0.001)是影響預后的相關因素,見表1。
將上述因素納入多因素Logistic分析結果顯示,血小板輕度減少(=0.007,=4.932)、中性粒細胞比例(=0.044,=0.923)、血小板減少天數(0.031,=0.883)、住院天數(=0.000,=1.221)、機械通氣(<0.001,=0.077)是影響血小板減少重癥患者預后的獨立因素,見表2。其中血小板輕度減少、住院天數是保護性因素。

表1 28d生存相關因素的單因素分析

表2 28d生存相關因素的多因素Logistic分析
血小板減少在重癥患者中十分常見,文獻報道,在治療期間血小板減少患者的發生率為14%~44%[4-5]。本研究中,血小板減少的發病率為21.04%,與文獻報道相符。患者血小板減少可分為原發性和獲得性血小板減少[9]。原發性血小板減少影響因素多為血液系統疾病、感染性疾病、嚴重創傷、免疫系統功能紊亂、營養缺乏等多種疾病。臨床上依據病理生理學進行分類,分為血小板生成減少、血小板消耗增加、血小板破壞增多、血小板分布異常以及各種輸液致血液稀釋5種機制[10]。重癥患者發生獲得性血小板減少通過2種或2種以上機制引起血小板減少,如嚴重肝病患者發生血小板減少原因有骨髓抑制血小板生成減少和自身抗體形成致血小板破壞增多,也可因凝血功能異常出血消耗[11-12]。原發性血小板減少有3種及以上發病機制,獲得性血小板減少也有2種以上發病機制[13-14]。研究報道,發生獲得性血小板減少重癥患者的病因依次為:膿毒癥、彌散性血管內凝血、稀釋性血小板減少、葉酸缺乏、藥物相關性血小板減少[15-17]。藥物相關血小板減少常見于肝素誘導的血小板減少。本研究中,膿毒癥導致醫院獲得性血小板減少占血小板減少因素的47.52%。膿毒癥致血小板減少原因包括嚴重感染致骨髓抑制、巨噬細胞吞噬作用、補體激活、微小血栓形成、組胺類物質釋放等[18-19]。臨床鑒別假性血小板減少,包括實驗室檢查誤差及采血所致的異常[20-21]。膿毒癥患者一旦出現血小板減少,其住院時間延長,臟器功能恢復需更長時間,出血事件發生率增加,導致病死率上升[22-23]。PLT越低,釋炎癥因子就越多,激活內皮細胞和補體信號通路更多,各種炎癥反應、器官損害增多,病死率增加[24]。膿毒癥患者血小板減少具有雙向性,膿毒癥早期(1~4d)出現PLT下降,之后很快升至正常,該患者預后相對較好;一類患者持續性PLT降低或持續PLT不升,提示預后不良[25]。早期預防血小板減少和促進PLT恢復可降低膿毒性休克患者的病死率[26]。研究報道,膿毒癥合并血小板減少的患者應用升血小板藥物可降低此類患者的病死率[27-28]。本研究中,患者28d生存相關單因素分析結果顯示,膿毒癥合并血小板減少與非膿毒癥患者比較差異有統計學意義,死亡風險增加,血小板輕度減少患者預后較好,兩組比較差異有統計學意義;代表炎癥指標的白細胞計數、中性粒細胞百分比、降鈣素原水平,兩組比較差異有統計學意義,死亡組明顯高于生存組;乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ評分兩組比較差異有統計學意義,患者乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ評分越高其死亡風險越高。28d生存相關多因素Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,血小板減少持續的天數、住院天數及機械通氣時間與患者的生存相關,差異有統計學意義。輕度血小板減少患者預后較重度血小板減少的生存率高,血小板輕度減少者,原因是原發疾病對患者血液系統損傷輕或者對治療效果好、恢復快,因而預后較好。住院天數是保護因素,在疾病嚴重程度相似的情況下,患者對治療反應明顯,治療效果好,因此,住院天數越少,患者預后越好。Dominique等[29]研究發現,機械通氣持續的天數是影響血小板減少患者預后的獨立危險因素。

圖1 累積生存分析的Kaplan-Meier曲線
目前本研究尚有一定局限性,危重癥是一個動態的實體,包括各種混雜因素,本研究沒有調查輸血、連續性腎臟替代治療、體外膜肺氧合等干預措施的影響或藥物的影響,是一項單中心觀察性研究,因此研究結果可能會有偏倚。
綜上所述,醫院獲得性血小板減少在重癥患者中十分常見,尤其是膿毒癥患者,預防膿毒癥發生和及時救治非常重要。監測PLT水平、血小板減少持續天數、住院天數、機械通氣時間等,有助于臨床上更好地判斷血小板減少重癥患者的病情嚴重程度和預后。
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Prognostic factors for hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia in severe patients
Department of Emergency, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
To investigate the relevant factors affecting prognosis of hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia in severe patients.The clinical data of patients with normal platelet count at admission and lower platelet count after admission in Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU), Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The differences of general data, laboratory indexes, whether there was mechanical ventilation, hospitalization time and 28 d mortality were analyzed. The influencing factors of thrombocytopenia were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.A total of 141 patients with hospital-acquired thrombocytopenia were included. The incidence of thrombocytopenia in EICU was 21.04% (141/670), and the mortality was 33.33% (45/135). The hospitalization time was 15(9, 22) d. Univariate analysis showed that sepsis (=0.017), degree of thrombocytopenia (<0.001), white blood cell count (=0.029), neutrophil ratio (=0.029), lactate level (<0.001), total bilirubin level (=0.025), procalcitonin (=0.012), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score (=0.004), days of thrombocytopenia (=0.006), hospitalization time (=0.001), and mechanical ventilation (=0.001) were relevant factors affecting prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the above factors showed that mild thrombocytopenia (=0.007,=4.932), neutrophil ratio (=0.044,=0.932), days of thrombocytopenia (=0.031,=0.883), hospitalization time (<0.001,=1.221), and mechanical ventilation (<0.001,=0.077) were independent factors affecting the prognosis of severe patients with thrombocytopenia.Mild thrombocytopenia, neutrophil ratio, days of thrombocytopenia, hospitalization time, and mechanical ventilation were independent factors affecting the prognosis of severe patients with thrombocytopenia.
Hospital-acquired; Thrombocytopenia; Risk facors; Prognosis
R558.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.29.017
浙江省衛生和計劃生育委員會中醫藥管理局項目(2020ZB200)
蔣鎮宏,電子信箱:1169847664@qq.com
(2023–04–01)
(2023–09–15)