改性骨架材料應用于污泥深度脫水的研究進展

戈 拯,張義鑫,2,劉吉寶,魏源送

改性骨架材料應用于污泥深度脫水的研究進展

戈 拯1,張義鑫1,2,劉吉寶2*,魏源送2,3

(1.北京工業大學,城鎮污水深度處理與資源化利用技術國家工程實驗室,北京 100124；2.中國科學院生態環境研究中心,水污染控制實驗室,北京 100085；3.江西省科學院能源研究所,江西 南昌 330096)

本文在原始骨架材料應用于污泥脫水局限性的基礎上,重點綜述了改性骨架材料的類別?改性方法及其強化污泥脫水性能的作用機理,并對其未來應用于污泥深度脫水的前景和存在問題進行了展望.結果表明,改性后賦予了骨架材料更多的物化性質,在與污泥絮體接觸和擠壓過程中可發揮骨架支撐?電中和?胞外聚合物破解?物理吸附和催化作用等,以促進污泥深度脫水.針對目前研究現狀,建議未來應以工程實踐需要為導向開發更高效經濟的改性方法,實現污泥的有效減量與資源化.

污泥脫水；骨架材料；改性方法；作用機制

污泥作為污水生物處理過程產生的副產物,其產量急劇增加[1].高含水率的污泥不利于后續的運輸、填埋、干燥、焚燒和資源化利用[2].污水處理廠通常采用“污泥濃縮→絮凝調理→機械脫水”方式[3],脫水污泥含水率可達80%左右.但脫水后污泥體積仍然大,高含水率無法滿足后續污泥處置要求.污泥深度脫水作為污泥快速減量的重要手段,可以最大限度地減少污泥體積,降低運輸和后續污泥處理處置成本[4].開發綠色?經濟?高效的污泥深度脫水技術仍是污泥處理處置研究的熱點,對污水處理廠節能降耗至關重要.

污泥深度脫水的限制因素主要包括污泥自身高壓縮性、高有機質含量和特殊的膠體特性[5].其中,胞外聚合物(EPS)和微生物細胞形成凝膠狀的網絡結構,束縛大量的水分子[6].因此,EPS被認為是影響污泥深度脫水的關鍵因素[7-9].為此,一些學者開發了多種化學預處理方法來破壞EPS,釋放結合水以提升污泥脫水性能[10-12].然而,單一預處理調理雖能破壞EPS和微生物細胞壁,卻容易引發污泥粘度增大、破碎的絮體堵塞壓濾過程中污泥內部過水通道等問題,導致預處理調理中釋放出的自由水和束縛水仍難以排出[13].因此,單一預處理調理雖能改善污泥脫水性能,卻仍難以促進污泥深度脫水[14].為了促進污泥深度脫水,需要通過增加濾餅的孔隙率和降低濾餅的可壓縮性[15].基于此,研究者們發現以物理調理劑充當骨架材料能發揮上述作用[16].目前,生石灰是實際中較為廣泛使用的骨架材料,它不僅可以加強金屬鹽的水解,促進絮凝作用,還可以增加污泥絮體強度,降低可壓縮性[17-19].此外,化學藥劑和骨架材料的聯合調理,可減少單一化學藥劑使用的投加量[20].進一步,對骨架材料改性可以豐富其化學特性,使其在發揮自身物理作用的同時,亦發揮化學調理劑的作用,從而有望通過改性骨架材料的多功能性一步調理實現污泥深度脫水.

但是,改性骨架材料應用于污泥深度脫水的研究主要處于實驗室研究階段.并且,雖然骨架材料及其改性應用于提升污泥脫水性能方面已有大量的研究,但有關骨架材料的選擇、改性方法以及作用機制等方面卻缺少系統性的綜述.此外,骨架材料改性方法的選擇存在一定的不確定性.基于此,本文在總結骨架材料種類和性質基礎上,重點闡述了骨架材料的改性方法及其在污泥調理過程中的主要作用機制,展望了改性骨架材料在污泥脫水中的應用前景和發展趨勢.

1 骨架材料應用于污泥脫水的研究現狀

1.1 骨架材料的來源和分類

現有研究的骨架材料通常選擇一些工農業廢棄物,這些廢棄物來源廣、存量大,但較難資源化利用,將其應用于污泥脫水調理,能達到“以廢治廢”協同處理的目的.骨架材料可以根據其性質不同分為高纖維材料、富碳材料、礦物質材料(如表1).高纖維骨架主要包括米糠[21]、稻殼[20,22-23]、核桃殼[24-25]、竹粉[22,26]、麥秸粉[27]、木屑[28-30]等,這些材料具有較低的灰分含量和較高的熱值,也有利于后續的污泥焚燒和堆肥等處理處置過程.富碳骨架主要包括稻殼炭[20,31-32]、秸稈炭[27,33]、污泥炭[34-37]、玉米炭[38]等,它們的比表面積和孔隙度較大,還可以作為土壤改良劑,對土壤中重金屬的固化具有作用[39-40].礦物質骨架主要包括赤泥[41]、粉煤灰[42-43]、石膏[44-45]、硅藻土[46]、累托石[47]、蒙脫石[48]等,礦物質材料剛性強,但可能重金屬含量高,對后續的污泥資源化利用具有不利影響[49].

1.2 骨架材料應用于污泥脫水的局限性

表1 不同骨架材料的分類和組成

骨架材料雖然利于污泥深度脫水,卻不適于作為單一調理劑(無任何化學藥劑),并且往往需要較大投加量才能發揮作用[5,15].例如,Guo等[50]以小麥秸稈粉、玉米秸稈粉和稻殼粉調理污泥,在70%污泥干重(DS)投加量下,泥餅的含水率由93%降至80%左右.Wang等[23]比較了稻殼粉、稻殼炭、稻殼-污泥生物炭對污泥脫水性能的影響,在70%DS投加量下,稻殼-污泥生物炭的效果最優.此外,骨架材料的脫水效果受污泥脫水方式的影響.與使用帶式壓濾機或離心機等設備相比,采用高壓脫水方式(如壓濾機)時骨架材料能明顯降低污泥固體壓縮性[15].值得注意的是,現有研究中,評價污泥脫水性能的指標并不統一(如表2),導致不同研究報道的結果較難對比.骨架材料本身作為一種固體材料,投加量過高時,必然導致濾餅含水率的降低,一些易吸水的骨架材料會影響毛細細水時間(CST),無法用來準確反映污泥脫水性能[51].因此,當骨架材料應用于污泥脫水時,需避免通過單一指標來評價污泥脫水性能,應綜合考慮脫水率、結合水含量、污泥壓縮系數、污泥凈產率等指標[16].

表2 表征污泥脫水性能的評價指標

2 針對污泥脫水調理的骨架材料改性策略

骨架材料性質相對穩定,未經改性處理直接投加,較難改變污泥絮體結構,在污泥脫水中只能起骨架支撐作用(圖1).在投加量過低時,不能在污泥絮體之間構成完整的過水通道,投加量過高又會造成泥餅量增加等問題,不利于污泥后續處理處置.因此,對骨架材料進行改性處理至關重要.骨架材料的改性方法主要包括浸泡、超聲、高溫、化學處理等.例如,通過浸泡將金屬鹽如鐵鹽[72]、鋁鹽[55,73]等負載到顆粒表面;采用酸[43,61,74]和堿[8]來活化材料表面化學特性;又如,通過表面活性劑[37,56,75-76]的醚化作用改變材料表面電荷性質.近年來有關骨架材料的改性方法和調理作用的研究情況如表3所示.

圖1 污泥壓濾脫水過程

2.1 高溫熱解改性

高溫熱解改性主要用生物質類材料在缺氧或無氧環境下,熱解炭化形成生物炭.與原始生物質材料相比,生物炭的比表面積大、孔隙發達,生物質中的揮發性物質被去除,而更具作用的剛性結構被保留下來,從而利于降低骨架材料的投加量.同時,生物炭本身是一種吸附材料,它具有吸附污泥中粘性大分子有機物的能力.但是,部分生物炭富含高度芳香化的石墨結構,其表面往往分布著負電荷[77],這不利于污泥脫水.例如,吳彥等[20]通過高溫熱解制備的稻殼炭表面帶有負電荷,需要較大量的化學藥劑與之聯用才能達到更好的調理效果.因此,高溫熱解改性制備生物炭骨架的同時,還需考慮化學改性以改變其表面負電性.此外,生物炭材料的吸附作用,還可降低污泥中重金屬的浸出毒性[69].高溫熱解前采用ZnCl2預活化可以促進炭骨架的芳香化,有利于孔隙結構的形成[78].豐富的介孔結構和較大的孔隙體積為污泥深度脫水提供豐富的過水通道[79].此外,污泥自身也可制備成生物炭材料,其中含有的硅鋁化合物會增強骨架材料的剛性,含有的可溶性陽離子和有機官能團可以中和污泥表面的負電荷,并表現出助凝劑的作用[79].

2.2 酸堿改性

生物炭和礦物質骨架材料在酸性或堿性溶液中浸泡,可以提升其比表面積和孔隙率,其多孔結構可以降低污泥可壓縮性,并吸附固定污泥中重金屬等有毒有害物質[80].一些礦物質顆粒如膨潤土、高嶺土、粉煤灰等含有豐富的Al3+、Fe3+,這些離子通常以化合態形式存在,如Al2O3、Fe2O3.若未經改性處理難以發揮混凝作用,而經過酸溶或堿溶后,骨架材料表面可形成大量帶正電荷的硅、鋁活性點位,與污泥膠體顆粒進行電荷中和作用.例如, Masihi等[61]比較了硫酸改性高嶺土、高嶺土和常規污泥調理劑(Al2(SO4)3+石灰),在相同投加量下,硫酸改性高嶺土提升污泥脫水性能作用最佳.酸改性可以使礦物質骨架的比表面積和孔體積增大,其中含有的Al2O3以Al3+的形式溶出,SiO2與Al3+一起充當助凝劑,而且酸化會在顆粒的表面產生正電荷,通過電荷中和、吸附橋接來改善絮凝體結構[61].礦物質骨架材料中往往含有大量的SiO2,其在改善污泥脫水性能中起著三方面重要作用:首先,SiO2與Al3+可以發揮助凝作用,使污泥形成大而密的顆粒;其次是增加污泥絮體表面的疏水性;此外,具有骨架支撐作用[43].因此,礦物質骨架材料適合酸堿改性,既能充分利用自身的骨架支撐作用,亦有助凝、改善絮體結構等作用.

表3 不同骨架改性方法對污泥脫水性能的影響

續表3

注:/表示該指標未被研究,DS表示污泥干重(dry sludge),5‰表示海藻酸鈉基有機絮凝劑的含量.

2.3 金屬鹽/金屬氧化物改性

金屬鹽類可以在溶液中水解出陽離子物種,如Al(OH)2+等.將金屬離子負載到骨架材料表面,可以電中和污泥膠體顆粒表面負電性,使污泥顆粒凝聚[6].因此,通過將金屬鹽負載在骨架材料上,在增加比表面積和表面官能團的同時,表面附著的金屬陽離子可以起到電中和和壓縮雙電層的作用,從而減少骨架材料和脫水藥劑的投加量[20].例如,Wu等[72]采用FeCl3改性稻殼生物炭,將帶正電荷的Fe離子附著在稻殼炭上,破壞污泥膠體顆粒穩定性,同時作為骨架降低了泥餅的可壓縮性系數,保持一定的透氣性.Guo等[73]采用AlCl3改性的稻草生物炭,經過改性后,生物炭表面含有帶正電荷的鋁系離子,破壞了污泥膠體穩定性,在投加量為30%DS時,調理后污泥含水率和CST分別下降到81.4%和38s,而未改性稻草生物炭調理后分別為92.1%和82s.除了金屬鹽改性,金屬氧化物改性可將骨架材料的助濾和過氧化作用結合在一起.例如,Wu等[81]將納米CaO2負載到蒙脫石上,蒙脫石上的Si基自由基催化CaO2產生×OH,在投加量10%DS、pH=5的條件下,污泥比阻降低了62.2%. Wu等[82]采用K2FeO4預處理后的摻鐵污泥炭負載納米CaO2作為調理劑,污泥炭可以催化CaO2生成·OH破壞污泥EPS,釋放束縛水.由于金屬鹽/金屬氧化物改性通常是將骨架材料與化學藥劑浸漬或與金屬共沉淀來實現,因此骨架材料的比表面積和孔徑大小十分重要,在材料的選擇上應盡量選擇多孔骨架材料來進行改性,如生物炭等.

2.4 表面活性劑改性

高纖維骨架材料如玉米芯粉、馬鈴薯渣、殼聚糖等具有無毒、來源廣泛、環境友好、成本低廉等優點.因此,將天然高分子材料改性或合成為環境友好型絮凝劑,在環境保護領域具有重要意義[83].表面活性劑是一類能使液體表面張力顯著降低的物質,具有增溶、潤濕、滲透等功能[84].在污泥脫水應用中,環境友好的表面活性劑對污泥有機成分起分散、增溶和水解作用,通過促進EPS的溶解來提高脫水性[85].多數研究者認為,陽離子型或兩性離子型表面活性劑相比于陰離子型或非離子型表面活性劑更利于提高污泥的脫水性能[86].例如,Guo等[75]采用NaOH和陽離子表面活性劑-十六烷基三甲基溴化銨對玉米芯粉進行堿化-醚化改性,使玉米芯粉攜帶正電荷,從而與污泥膠體顆粒發生電荷中和作用,同時表面活性劑中的季銨鹽基團可以裂解細胞,釋放束縛水.Dai等[76,87]采用陽離子表面活性劑-十八烷基二甲基芐基氯化銨對磷石膏進行改性,改性后的磷石膏表面帶有正電荷,改性后骨架材料的加入使污泥顆粒的分形維數(DF)降低,污泥結構松散,破壞了污泥EPS,有利于束縛水的釋放.Dai等[56]采用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨和丙烯酰胺對馬鈴薯渣進行改性,改性后可以用于污泥脫水和污泥中有毒污染物的去除.

3 改性骨架材料應用于污泥脫水的主要作用機制

影響污泥脫水的主要因素包括污泥絮體特性(固體濃度、絮體尺寸、絮體強度和表面電荷)、溶液化學性質和污泥EPS等[6].由于污泥自身的絮體強度小,在機械脫水過程中,破碎的污泥絮體會堵塞泥餅和濾布的通道,惡化污泥脫水性能.污泥中含有的羧基、氨基和磷酸基等基團還會發生水解電離,產生帶負電荷的離子基團,導致污泥表面帶有負電荷[62],影響污泥顆粒的聚集和沉降性能.針對上述限制污泥脫水的主要因素,化學和物理改性使骨架材料具有更多的理化特性,從而影響污泥絮體特性?EPS結構等,以提高污泥脫水性能.總體上,改性骨架材料在污泥脫水中的作用主要包括骨架支撐作用、電中和作用、胞外聚合物破解、物理吸附和催化作用等.

3.1 骨架支撐作用

機械壓濾脫水是污水處理廠中最常用的脫水方式,脫水過程可以分為過濾階段和壓縮階段,如圖2所示[97].在過濾階段,污泥顆粒被濾布攔截并逐漸形成污泥餅.當污泥絮體之間的間隙水開始承受壓力時,脫水過程進入壓縮階段.隨著間隙水的排出,污泥內部的排水通道關閉,內部已經分離的自由水無法排出[98].在此情況下,提高機械壓力或延長壓縮時間都無法提高脫水能力.骨架材料的支撐作用可以使污泥結構變的松散,污泥固體的機械強度和滲透性增加,使其在高壓下仍能保持多孔結構,從而使水在壓濾過程中通過微小孔隙流出,提高機械脫水能力[50].骨架材料也可以在污泥絮體內形成排水通道,使污泥餅呈現出多層結構,利用管網效應和層間通道效應使水順利排出[16].例如,利用污泥炭作為骨架時,其中的SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、MgO組分的剪切模量均高于所施加的壓力,在污泥體系中形成了高抗壓強度的多孔網狀結構,提高了污泥脫水性能[99].郭俊元等[100]采用玉米秸稈生物炭作為骨架材料,泥餅剖面出現比較明顯的大孔,可壓縮性系數從2.05降至1.14,污泥餅內部保持一定的滲透性.許欣欣[30]研究了木屑與不同絮凝劑聯合調理,使用壓汞儀測定泥餅孔隙率,發現添加木屑骨架后,泥餅孔隙率明顯增大,有效增加了污泥過水通道,提升污泥脫水性能.

圖2 板框式壓濾機的原理示意圖[97]

3.2 電中和作用

圖3 改性骨架材料與污泥膠體的電中和作用機制

污泥的膠體顆粒表面含有大量的負電荷,電荷特性通常用Zeta電位來描述.Zeta電位是指在嚴密層和擴散層之間的靜電電位[97],其絕對值越高,膠體顆粒之間的排斥力就越大,會影響到污泥顆粒的聚集和沉降.未改性的骨架材料表面往往含有負電荷,直接投加到污泥中會導致污泥Zeta電位降低,惡化脫水性能.研究者往往通過酸堿洗滌、金屬鹽改性、離子交換等方式使骨架材料表面帶有正電荷,與污泥顆粒發生電中和作用,破壞污泥膠體的穩定性,其作用機制如圖3所示.污泥焚燒渣作為骨架時,污泥膠體的負電荷可以被骨架材料表面上的硅酸鋁、偏硅酸鐵和硅酸鈣的正電荷中和[101].在各種稻殼基骨架材料中,稻殼-污泥生物炭是最優的骨架材料,通過表征發現其表面富含Fe元素并帶有正電荷,可以與帶負電的污泥膠體發生電荷中和,使其嵌入絮凝體中[23].淀粉經過醚化反應與接枝共聚改性后,其表面含有大量的陽離子基團,可以與帶負電的污泥顆粒發生電中和作用,有效壓縮顆粒表面雙電層[102].因此,通過改變骨架表面的電荷性質,發揮電中和作用,可以提升骨架材料的脫水調理作用.

3.3 胞外聚合物破解

如圖4[103]所示,根據EPS與微生物細胞的結合能力,EPS可以被分為可溶型EPS(SEPS)、松散結合型EPS(LB-EPS)和緊密結合型EPS(TB-EPS)[6].EPS的濃度和內部組成都會影響污泥脫水性能[38].為了破壞污泥EPS結構,提高污泥脫水性能,研究者們開發了多種骨架改性方法使骨架表面的化學基團更加豐富,在與污泥顆粒接觸過程中破壞污泥的內部結構,使污泥中結合水釋放出來.骨架材料表面負載的金屬鹽等可以與EPS中的蛋白質、多糖、腐殖酸等有機物發生化學反應(圖3).骨架材料表面的物理性質也會對污泥EPS產生作用,例如,木屑粗糙和不規則的表面可以剝離污泥EPS,穿刺細胞,使污泥顆粒均勻粘附在骨架上[28].改性玉米芯粉結構上的季銨鹽基團會使細胞破裂,LB-EPS被破壞后,SEPS中的蛋白質、多糖、腐殖酸和磷酸根的濃度明顯增加,破壞了污泥膠體的穩定性[75].改性污泥炭可以使SEPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS中的蛋白質含量分別減少72.53%、18.71%和61.12%[78].改性薯渣(D-MPR)與污泥顆粒作用過程中,可以通過氫鍵作用和酶的抑制作用破壞TB-EPS層,增加細胞壁的滲透性,最終導致TB-EPS的溶解和細胞死亡[56].因此,改性骨架材料對污泥EPS的裂解作用可以充分發揮其改性作用的優勢.

圖4 EPS的組成和細菌結構[103]

3.4 物理吸附

骨架材料,特別是改性骨架含有豐富的吸附位點和官能團,其主要吸附機理如圖5[104]所示.改性骨架材料具有更大的比表面積,其吸附性能更強,可以吸附污泥中的有機物和無機物.污泥EPS和細胞壁被破壞后,溶出的有機物帶有負電荷會與污泥膠體發生靜電斥力,使污泥粘度增大,惡化污泥的過濾能力.投加的骨架材料可以吸附去除蛋白質等粘性親水物質,削弱污泥絮體的持水能力,降低液相的粘度,從而改善了污泥的脫水性能[78].因此,污泥膠體失穩、EPS的溶解和持水物質的去除在削弱水分子和固相之間的親和力過程中起到了協同作用[78].例如,鐵修飾污泥生物炭可以吸附SEPS中的高分子物質、膠體和黏液,對LB-EPS和TB-EPS也有一定的吸附作用[105].這種對S-EPS和LB-EPS的吸附有助于形成緊湊的絮狀結構,從而降低泥餅的壓縮性.改性污泥炭會嵌入到污泥絮體內部,與污泥絮體充分接觸,促進了EPS的溶解,并通過非共價相互作用吸附粘性大分子,從而降低污泥粘度,改善了污泥的脫水性能[78].骨架材料的吸附作用還表現在對污泥濾液水質的改善上.沸石和改性沸石都能一定程度上降低污泥上清液的濁度[106].核桃殼可以減少污泥中的細菌總數[107].此外,骨架的吸附作用還可以使污泥濾液中的重金屬含量略有下降[33].由此可知,骨架材料的物理吸附作用對于改善污泥脫水性能和凈化濾液水質起重要作用.

圖5 改性污泥炭的吸附機理[104]

3.5 催化作用

圖6 AOP調理污泥脫水作用機制[103]

催化氧化過程產生的不同類型自由基,包括羥基自由基(OH×)、硫酸根自由基(SO4×-)、超氧自由基(O2×-)、鐵酸鹽自由基(FeO42-)和臭氧自由基(×O3),可以使污泥EPS有效裂解,釋放污泥結合水和胞內水[103].同時,自由基的氧化作用有利于重金屬和微污染物的去除[108].催化氧化調理污泥脫水的作用機制如圖6[103]所示,自由基可通過催化劑活化的方式產生,而金屬基改性骨架材料本身就可以作為非均相催化劑,無需外源投加Fe2+,極大降低了處理成本.此外,生物炭能產生環境持久性自由基(PFRs),可以與氧氣反應,生成羥基自由基(OH×),而不需要添加外部氧化劑[109].例如,Guo等[38]采用電子順磁共振光譜儀觀察到玉米秸稈炭有明顯的PFRs信號,可以活化過硫酸鹽生成SO4-,通過強氧化作用將EPS中的部分疏水有機物有效地破壞和分解成小分子單體物質,從而促進了結合水的釋放.Yang等[110]制備的MnFe2O4-生物炭可以活化過硫酸鹽產生SO4-,破壞污泥的蛋白質結構,提高污泥的脫水性能.Tao等[111]利用富鐵生物炭作為Fenton反應的鐵源和催化劑,與常規Fenton調理相比,污泥處置的總運行成本降低28.39%.因此,利用骨架材料的催化性能可以與催化氧化過程相結合,減少藥劑投加量.

綜上所述,改性骨架材料在污泥脫水中的作用機制受改性方式的影響明顯,對污泥脫水性能的提高是幾種機制共同作用的結果.如表4所示,選擇合適的改性方法才能最大限度的發揮骨架材料的多功能性.對于富碳骨架材料,其表面往往分布著負電荷,這對于污泥脫水是不利的.但是,其自身的高比表面積和多孔結構是金屬鹽良好的載體,二者結合可以改變富碳骨架表面的電荷性質,同時發揮電中和和絮凝作用.高纖維顆粒骨架材料自身含有豐富的纖維素、淀粉等組分,具有高熱值及易降解的特性,其作為綠色的骨架材料,可以選用環境友好的表面活性劑進行改性,有助于后續污泥的資源化利用.礦物質顆粒由于其自身就含有大量的硅、鋁、鐵元素,適合選用酸堿改性來活化其絮凝作用.總之,改性骨架材料應用于污泥脫水時,盡量使其具有大的比表面積、強的剛性結構和表面正電荷.改性后與催化氧化作用結合,能進一步破壞污泥EPS,釋放污泥結合水,利于污泥深度脫水.

表4 不同骨架材料的改性方法及主要作用機制

4 結語

本文從骨架材料的種類?改性方法?作用機制等方面,針對改性骨架材料應用于污泥深度脫水的相關研究進行了系統性的綜述和分析,以期為選擇適宜的骨架材料和改性方法提供更多的理論依據和參考.改性骨架材料提升了污泥的脫水性能,其作用機制主要包括骨架支撐作用、電中和作用、EPS破解、物理吸附和催化作用.但是,改性骨架材料強化污泥脫水仍處于實驗室研究探索階段,為了推進該技術在污泥處理處置中的應用,提出以下4 個建議.

4.1 在骨架材料的選擇上,應盡量選擇富含硅、鋁、鐵的原材料,這樣的骨架結構硬度大、剛性強、表面的活性位點更豐富,可以更大程度的發揮骨架在污泥中的作用.同時,要結合當地的生產方式,選擇產量大、亟需資源化利用的固體廢棄物作為骨架材料,降低運費成本,達到“以廢治廢”的目的.

4.2 現有的骨架改性方法和評價脫水性能指標還存在局限性,不同研究中評價污泥脫水性能指標不統一.同時,未來研究中,應嘗試更多的改性方法,賦予骨架更多的物化特性,使其在污泥體系中發揮更大作用,并建立統一的改性骨架材料應用污泥脫水的評價指標.

4.3 在改性方法的選擇上,酸堿改性比較適合礦物質骨架材料;金屬鹽/金屬氧化物改性,適用于多孔的生物炭骨架材料;高溫熱解和表面活性劑改性適用于選擇無毒、無害的生物質原料.

4.4 改性骨架材料應用于污泥脫水的研究尚停留在實驗室研究階段,其大規模應用的實踐較少,仍需中試規模以上的實驗驗證,并降低改性骨架材料投加量.

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Research progress on the application of modified skeletal materials for sludge deep dewatering.

GE Zheng1, ZHANG Yi-xin1,2, LIU Ji-bao2*, WEI Yuan-song2,3

(1.National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124, China；2.Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China；3.Institute of Energy, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330096, China)., 2023,43(11)：5787～5799

Regarding the limitations of using raw skeleton materials, this literature reviewed the categories of skeletal materials, modification methods, and the mechanisms of enhancing sludge dewatering. In addition, the prospects and problems of their future application in sludge deep-dewatering were also discussed. The results showed that modified skeletal materials presented better physical and chemical properties which could play vital roles with multiple functions, including mechanical supporting, electrical neutralization, disruption of extracellular polymeric substances, physical adsorption and catalysis, etc., thus to promote deep dewatering. In terms of current state of research, to realize the reduction and utilization of sludge, development of efficient and economical modification methods for practical engineering applications is recommended.

sludge dewatering；skeleton material；modification method；interaction mechanism

X703.5

A

1000-6923(2023)11-5787-13

戈 拯(1986-),男,湖北十堰人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向為污水?污泥處理及資源化.發表論文20余篇.gezheng@bjut.edu.cn.

戈 拯,張義鑫,劉吉寶,等.改性骨架材料應用于污泥深度脫水的研究進展 [J]. 中國環境科學, 2023,43(11):5787-5799.

Ge Zheng1, Zhang Yi-xin1,2, Liu Ji-bao, et al. Research progress on the application of modified skeletal materials for sludge deep dewatering [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(11):5787-5799.

2023-03-31

國家重點研發計劃項目(2019YFC1906502)

* 責任作者, 助理研究員, jbliu@rcees.ac.cn