










摘要:
六九山銅礦床產在大興安嶺地區東坡中北段,位于中亞造山帶東端。
為了探討該區淺成巖成因與地球動力學背景,
對六九山斑巖銅成礦系統內與成礦密切的閃長玢巖、二長斑巖兩類淺成巖進行了地質、巖相學、鋯石UPb同位素定年和元素地球化學等方面的研究。結果表明:閃長玢巖和二長斑巖內巖漿鋯石加權平均年齡分別為(132.6±2.6)Ma(n=5)和(132.4±1.3)Ma(n=22),巖漿就位發生在約132 Ma,結合輝鉬礦ReOs同位素年齡((134.1±0.8)Ma),限定成礦作用發生在早白堊世;閃長玢巖(w(SiO2)為52.98%~59.83%)和二長斑巖(w(SiO2)為66.90%~67.56%)為典型的中—酸性淺成斑巖,富集大離子親石元素,虧損高場強元素,分別為典型島弧鈣堿性巖和埃達克質巖石;巖漿起源于與大洋板塊俯沖有關的以流體交代為主的富集地幔部分熔融;成巖成礦作用適值中生代早白堊世庫拉板塊向歐亞板塊俯沖的大陸邊緣巖漿弧背景。
關鍵詞:
成巖時代;元素地球化學;斑巖銅成礦系統;巖石成因;地球動力學;六九山銅礦床;大興安嶺
doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20230245
中圖分類號:P595;P581
文獻標志碼:A
徐鑫,劉陽,張勇,等.大興安嶺東坡中北段六九山斑巖銅成礦系統淺成巖成因與地球動力學背景.吉林大學學報(地球科學版),2024,54(5):15581574. doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20230245.
Xu Xin, Liu Yang, Zhang Yong,et al. Genesis and Geodynamic Setting of Hypabyssal Intrusive Rocks in the" Liujiushan Porphyry Cu Ore System, Eastern Edge of the Northern Great Hinggan Range. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2024,54(5):15581574. doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20230245.
收稿日期:20231005
作者簡介:徐鑫(1989—),男,碩士研究生,主要從事礦床學方面的研究,E-mail:275046224@qq.com
通信作者:張勇 (1982—),男,研究員,主要從事礦床地球化學方面的研究,E-mail:yongzhangcc@163.com
基金項目:國家自然科學基金項目(42072085,41172072,40772052,40472050,41390444);中國地質調查局項目([2023]022306);國家重點研發計劃項目(2017YFC0601306)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42072085, 41172072, 40772052, 40472050, 41390444),the Project of China Geological Survey ([2023]022306) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0601306)
Genesis and Geodynamic Setting of Hypabyssal Intrusive Rocks in the Liujiushan Porphyry Cu Ore System, Eastern Edge of the Northern Great Hinggan Range
Xu Xin1, Liu Yang1, Zhang Yong2, Chu Xiaolei1, Xu Zhikai1, Sun Jinggui1, Liu Chen3
1. College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
2. Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037, China
3." Party Committee Organization Department, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
Abstract:
The Liujiushan Cu deposit is located in the eastern end of the northern Great Hinggan Range, part of the easternmost edge of Central Asian orogenic belt. This study presents detailed field geology, petrography, elemental geochemistry and geochronology of diorite porphyry and monzonite porphyry to reveal the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of these intrusive rocks. Magmatic zircons from diorite porphyry and monzonite porphyry yielded a weighted average age of (132.6±2.6) Ma (n=5) and (132.4±1.3) Ma (n=22), respectively. The LAICPMS zircon UPb ages show these intrusive rocks were emplaced at ~132 Ma, consistenting with the molybdenite ReOs isotopic dating of (134.1±0.8) Ma, which constrains Cu mineralization to the Early Cretaceous. The diorite porphyry (52.98%59.83% w(SiO2)) and monzonite porphyry (66.90%67.56% w(SiO2)) are classified as intermediate to acidic hypabyssal intrusive rocks, enriched in the large ion lithophilic elements and deleted in high field strength elements, representing island arc alkaline and of adakitic rock types, respectively. Their parental magmas originated from an enriched mantle. All these studies show that the diagenesis and mineralization resulted from subduction of the Kula slab beneath Eurasian continent.
Key words:
diagenesis age; elemental geochemistry; porphyry Cu ore system;petrogenesis; geodynamic; Liujiushan Cu deposit; Great Hinggan Range
0" 引言
銅廣泛應用于建筑、電器、電子工業、機械制造、運輸設備和日用消費等領域,銅礦是有色金屬礦產資源的重要組成之一,是我國目前對外依存度較高的礦產[1]。六九山銅礦床是近年來在大興安嶺東坡中北段勘探出的中型銅礦床,其工業類型為爆破角礫巖型銅礦床[1]。礦床成因類型起初認為是斑巖型銅礦床[2],后期認為是淺成熱液高硫化型銅礦床[34];成礦時代初步認為發生在晚侏羅世—早白堊世[5]。對該銅礦床的礦床地質研究表明閃長玢巖巖脈和二長斑巖巖脈/巖株侵位于古生代花崗閃長巖巖基之內,銅礦化主要產于二長斑巖巖株之上的熱液角礫巖體內;鉆孔揭露表明二長斑巖巖株內發育明顯的鉀化蝕變,可見少量黃銅礦化和輝鉬礦化。以上侵位關系和礦化蝕變特征表明,斑巖侵入體與銅礦化具有明顯的時空和成因聯系。基于此,本文對礦區內閃長玢巖、二長斑巖進行了UPb同位素定年和元素地球化學分析,以期確定六九山銅礦床成礦作用發生的時限,為深入揭示大興安嶺地區深部巖漿動力學過程對區域大規模銅成礦作用的制約提供數據支撐。
1" 成礦地質背景與礦區地質
六九山銅礦床產在黑龍江省龍江縣六九村北,地處大興安嶺隆起帶與松遼盆地交界帶嫩江—八里罕深斷裂的西側(圖1a)。區域出露的地層主要有上古生界二疊系下統高家窩棚組、中生界龍江組和光華組,發育華力西晚期花崗閃長巖、黑云母花崗巖、堿性花崗巖和燕山晚期閃長玢巖、花崗閃長巖、花崗斑巖、二長斑巖、正長斑巖和石英斑巖等。區域構造主要是罕達罕河、寶泉子—西六九、樂業—茶壺嘴東山斷裂和二龍山褶皺等[24]。礦床地質研究表明,礦區內出露的地質體主要是中生界光華組流紋熔巖和華力西晚期花崗閃長巖、燕山期閃長玢巖和二長斑巖等;構造以北東向和北西向斷裂發育為特征,兩者聯合控制著該區火山機構分布,六九山礦床發育在東南側火山口的一側[4]。閃長玢巖和二長斑巖巖脈就位于同一構造體系,遭受了不同程度的熱液蝕變;前者普遍發生青磐巖化和絹云母化,而后者受鉀化和絹云母化蝕變影響,兩種蝕變類型均發育在頂部高級泥化帶之下;該礦區內銅成礦作用普遍發生在絹云母化帶中,表明與成礦密切相關的巖漿熱事件是閃長玢巖和二長斑巖。光華組流紋熔巖形成于成礦期后,不整合覆蓋于礦體之上(圖1b)。礦體為超淺成盲礦體,含銅硫化物沉淀在蝕變角礫巖裂隙和隱爆角礫之間[4]。
2" 樣品和實驗方法
實驗樣品采自礦區露天采場的脈狀閃長玢巖和二長斑巖,采樣位置見圖1b;巖相學特征詳見圖2和表1。鋯石UPb定年和全巖元素分析實驗方法如下。
2.1" 鋯石UPb同位素定年
鋯石分離在河北省區域地質調查所實驗室完成,UPb同位素定年在吉林大學地球科學學院實驗中心完成。測試在顯微鏡和CL圖像觀察基礎上進行,儀器為美國Coherent公司的Com Pex 102 Excimer Laser,ICPMS為 Agilent 公司生產的Agilent 7500a激光剝蝕系統。測試采用國際標準鋯石91500作為外標標準物質;數據處理采用GLITTER程序,鋯石諧和圖譜和加權平均年齡計算采用Isoplot程序。LAICPMS分析的詳細方法和流程見文獻[5]。
2.2" 全巖元素分析
全巖地球化學數據(主量元素和微量元素)測試實驗在北京核工業分析測試中心完成。主量元素采用X熒光光譜(XRF)玻璃熔片法分析,這種方法能夠分析80多種元素,其檢測的質量分數范圍可以從10-2變化到10-6,分析精度優于±1%。微量和稀土元素分析采用電感耦合等離子體質譜法(ICPMS)進行,采用 BHVO1、AVG1和G2等國際標準物質進行質量監控,并作空白樣進行質量監控,分析精度優于±2%。具體測試方法和流程詳見文獻[6]。
3" 實驗結果
3.1" 鋯石UPb同位素定年結果
閃長玢巖(LJ2226)鋯石UPb同位素定年結果見表2。鋯石按年齡可分為2組:第1組鋯石呈短柱錐狀,內部寬帶結構為主,有環帶結構(圖3a),局部被熔化的特征顯示可能為捕獲鋯石;大小為50 μm×60 μm~80 μm×100 μm,長寬比為1∶1~1.5∶1,w(Th)為39.09×10-6~132.70×10-6,w(U)為58.92×10-6~320.76×10-6,Th/U值為0.41~0.91,整體呈現巖漿鋯石屬性[7];獲得加權平均年齡為(294.9±4.2)Ma(n=8,MSWD = 0.08,表2)。鑒于這組鋯石與前人所定絹英巖的鋯石UPb定年一致[7],其年齡應為賦礦圍巖晚古生代花崗閃長巖就位年齡,應為捕獲鋯石。第2組鋯石特征自形板狀,環帶結構發育(圖3a),大小為40 μm×50 μm~50 μm×100 μm,長寬比為1∶1~2∶1,w(Th)為103.38×10-6~530.15×10-6,w(U)為110.40×10-6~590.94×10-6,Th/U值為0.77~1.38;獲得鋯石的206Pb/238U同位素年齡為134.9~126.0 Ma(表2、圖3b),加權平均年齡為(132.6±2.6)Ma(n=5,MSWD = 1.2,圖3b),進而厘定閃長玢巖巖漿就位發生在中生代早白堊世。
二長斑巖(LJ3)鋯石CL圖像顯示,其晶形多呈短柱錐狀,少數呈長柱錐狀,大小介于50 μm×50 μm~70 μm×120 μm之間,長寬比為1∶1~3∶1(圖3c),內部發育韻律環帶,w(Th)為119.99×10-6~417.18×10-6,w(U)為158.60×10-6~333.03×10-6,Th/U值為0.68~1.26,為淺成巖漿就位結晶的產物[8]。22粒鋯石UPb同位素定年
結果見表2,獲得206Pb/238U年齡在138.0~128.0 Ma之間(圖3c),加權平均年齡為(132.4 ± 1.3)Ma(n=22,MSWD = 0.53;圖3d),進而厘定二長斑巖巖漿就位發生在中生代早白堊世。
3.2" 元素地球化學特征
3.2.1" 閃長玢巖
元素地球化學測試結果見表3。由表3可知,閃長玢巖的w(SiO2)為52.98%~59.83%,w(Al2O3)為16.57%~19.46%,w(Fe2O3)為5.80%~7.78%,w(FeO)為3.16%~3.45%,w(MgO)為2.50%~2.60%,w(CaO)為3.41%~5.90%,w(K2O)為2.86%~3.91%,w(Na2O)為2.99%~4.85%,w(TiO2)為0.83%~1.20%,w(P2O5)為0.26%~0.37%,w(Na2O+K2O)為6.90%~8.04%,Na2O/K2O值為0.76~1.67,鎂指數(Mg#=w(MgO)/40/(w(MgO)/40+0.8998w(TFe2O3)/72))為0.67~0.71;表明巖石整體屬于中基性巖漿巖特征。在TAS分類圖解(圖4a)上成分點落在二長閃長巖區域和二長巖區域,在w(K2O)w(SiO2)巖石系列分類圖解(圖4b)上樣品成分點落在鉀玄巖系列區域。這種特征表明其為堿質、中基性鉀玄巖系列巖漿。
在微量和稀土元素方面,閃長玢巖明顯富集大離子親石元素(LILE),w(Li)為26.50×10-6~31.40×10-6,w(Cs)為1.30×10-6~3.10×10-6,w(Ba)為786.00×10-6~984.00×10-6,w(Rb)為71.60×10-6~88.10×10-6;相對虧損高場強元素(HFSE),w(Th)為1.64×10-6~6.21×10-6,w(U)為0.60×10-6~1.46×10-6,w(Nb)為4.59×
10-6~6.67×10-6,w(Ta)為0.30×10-6~0.49×10-6,w(Zr)為168.00×10-6~249.00×10-6,w(Hf)為4.40×10-6~6.75×10-6,w(Y)為16.80×10-6~18.90×10-6;w(∑REE)為108.81×10-6~129.70×10-6,LREE/HREE值為7.20~8.93,(La/Yb)N為7.36~10.74,Sm/Nd值為0.21~0.22,δEu為0.39~0.57。在原始地幔標準化圖譜(圖5a)上,
呈現明顯富集大離子親石元素(Cs、Rb、Ba、K等),相對虧損高場強元素Th、U、Nb、Ta等特征;在稀土元素的球粒隕石標準化圖解(圖5b)上,呈現中等分餾右傾斜、Eu異常不明顯或弱的負異常特征。以上特征表明該類巖石具有典型島弧巖漿的地球化學特征[1314]。Nb和Ta元素的虧損暗示巖漿來源于地殼或受到地殼物質的強烈混染,具有與板塊俯沖作用有關的島弧、大陸邊緣巖漿弧的巖漿屬性[1516];弱的Eu異常特征反映巖漿演化過程中斜長石分離結晶或源區殘留較少。
3.2.2" 二長斑巖
從表3可知,二長斑巖的w(SiO2)為66.90%~67.56%,w(Al2O3)為15.33%~15.57%,w(Fe2O3)為3.36%~3.43%,w(FeO)為1.77%~1.90%,w(MgO)為1.25%~1.32%,w(CaO)為2.09%~2.38%,w(K2O)為2.44%~2.70%,w(Na2O)為5.64%~5.86%,w(TiO2)為0.51%~0.53%,w(P2O5)為0.16%~0.18%,w(K2O+Na2O)為8.08%~8.52%, Na2O/K2O值為2.16~2.35,Mg#為0.18~0.21;表明其屬于中酸性巖漿巖范疇。在TAS圖解(圖4a)上,成分點均落在石英二長巖區域,在w(K2O)w(SiO2)巖石系列分類圖解(圖4b)上,成分點落在高鉀鈣堿性系列與鈣堿性巖系列分界線區域;較高的Na2O/K2O值指示其為堿性、鈉質中酸性、高鉀鈣堿性巖系與鈣堿性巖系過渡巖系。
在微量元素方面,其富集大離子親石元素(LILE),w(Li)為11.30×10-6~13.90×10-6,w(Cs)為0.74×10-6~0.91×10-6,w(Ba)為857.00×10-6~922.00×10-6,w(Rb)為53.80×10-6~60.10×10-6;相對虧損高場強元素(HFSE),w(Th)為4.46×10-6~4.59×10-6,w(U)為1.47×10-6~2.40×10-6,w(Nb)為3.79×10-6~3.90×10-6,w(Ta)為0.29×10-6~0.31×10-6,w(Zr)為118.00×10-6~119.00×10-6,w(Hf)為3.59×
10-6~3.80×10-6,w(Y)為6.95×10-6~7.97×10-6;稀土元素w(∑REE)為89.11×10-6~90.58×
原始地幔標準化數值據文獻[11];球粒隕石標準化數值據文獻[12]。
10-6,LREE/HREE值為12.58~13.61,(La/Yb)N為20.77~21.23,Sm/Nd值為0.17~0.20,δEu為0.49~0.54。在原始地幔標準化圖譜(圖5a)上,呈現明顯富集大離子親石元素(Cs、Rb、Ba、K等),明顯虧損高場強元素Nb、Ta和相對虧損Th、Ti、Y、Yb、Lu等高場強元素特征;在球粒隕石標準化圖解(圖5b)上,呈現中等分餾右傾、Eu異常不明顯特征;以上特征表明該類巖石具有典型島弧巖漿的地球化學特征[1314]。Nb和Ta元素的虧損暗示巖漿來源于地殼或是受到地殼物質的強烈混染,可能與板塊俯沖作用有關[1516];Eu異常不明顯的特征反映巖漿演化過程中斜長石分離結晶或源區殘留相對有限。
4" 討論
4.1" 成巖成礦時代和地質意義
如前所述,六九山銅礦床產在大興安嶺隆起帶與松遼盆地交界帶嫩江—八里罕深斷裂的西側或大興安嶺東坡中北段(圖1a),區域銅成礦系統與成礦密切的巖漿作用時代研究表明,富克山、小科勒河斑巖銅礦成礦系統的花崗閃長斑巖、花崗斑巖形成年齡分別為(152.5±1.7)Ma、(150.0±1.6)Ma [17],布敦花斑巖淺成熱液銅多金屬成礦系統的花崗閃長斑巖形成年齡為(151.7±1.3)Ma,鬧牛山淺成熱液高硫化型銅礦床的花崗閃長斑巖形成時代為(141.2±0.7)Ma[18]。本次獲得閃長玢巖巖漿結晶于(132.6±2.6)Ma,二長斑巖就位于(132.4 ± 1.3)Ma,二者應為深部巖漿房在不同演化階段的產物;鑒于閃長玢巖和二長斑巖結晶年齡與獲得的礦石礦物輝鉬礦ReOs同位素年齡相符((134.1±0.8)Ma,成果待發表),揭示六九山銅成礦作用與早白堊世巖漿就位有密切的時空聯系。這些精確的地質年代學數據結果限定六九山銅成礦作用過程持續時間小于1 Ma,與全球絕大多數的斑巖成礦系統一致[1920]。
大興安嶺地區發育有大量的不同類型的熱液金屬礦床,產出了大量的銅、鉬、鉛、鋅和銀以及少量的鎢、錫和鐵等工業金屬。礦床成因類型主要包括淺成熱液型、斑巖型和矽卡巖型礦床,這些礦床主要形成于155~130 Ma(圖6)(數據來源于文獻[2147]),個別礦床形成較早,如多寶山斑巖銅鉬礦床(約480 Ma)[48]和八大關斑巖銅鉬礦床(約230 Ma)[49]。整體而言,六九山銅礦床是大興安嶺地區早白堊世期間大規模巖漿熱液活動的產物。在礦產勘查潛力方面,六九山銅礦床頂部發育有高級泥化帶,代表了典型的斑巖銅成礦系統的巖帽或頂部,表明該礦床保存程度較高,亦或遭受了較弱的成礦后剝蝕作用;結合區域上相鄰的鬧牛山淺成熱液
布敦花數據據文獻[2122];小科勒河數據據文獻[2324];霍洛臺數據據文獻[25];富克山數據據文獻[2627];岔路口數據據文獻[28];毛登數據據文獻[29];維拉斯托數據據文獻[3032];鬧牛山數據據文獻[33];浩布高數據據文獻[34];朝不楞數據據文獻[3536];孟恩陶勒蓋數據據文獻[37];甲烏拉數據據文獻[3839];得耳布爾數據據文獻[4042];查干布拉根數據據文獻[43];白音諾爾數據據文獻[44];拜仁達壩數據據文獻[31];比利亞數據據文獻[45];二道河子數據據文獻[4647]。
銅礦床[18],表明大興安嶺中部在早白堊世后期遭受了較弱的抬升剝蝕作用,該區域有著優越的找尋相似熱液金屬礦床的潛力。
4.2" 巖石成因類型與巖漿起源
目前,有關花崗巖的巖石成因已有多種論述,主流觀點是巖石成因分類,即M 型、I型、S 型和A型[5053]。上述與成礦密切相關的閃長玢巖和二長
斑巖地質、巖相學和元素地球化學特征論述表明,它們均為淺成脈巖,其長英質礦物為斜長石/鈉長石+正長石+石英,暗色礦物黑云母、普通角閃石、普通輝石等,副礦物有磷灰石、鋯石、磁鐵礦等,表明其巖石成因類型應為I型花崗巖類。微量元素地球化學特征揭示其具有典型的島弧、大陸邊緣火山弧的巖漿特征,說明它們可能為典型島弧鈣堿性或埃達克質巖漿屬性(圖7a)[13];在(La/Yb)N (Yb)N和Sr/Yw(Y)劃分判別圖解(圖7a、b)上,閃長玢巖成分點落在島弧鈣堿性巖區,而二長斑巖成分點落在埃達克質巖區,前者具有島弧、大陸邊緣鈣堿性巖屬
性,而后者在SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、K2O/Na2O、Rb、Sr、Y、Yb、Sr/Y、(La/Yb)N和δEu等方面均滿足與大洋板塊俯沖有關的埃達克巖特征。在與板塊俯沖作用有關的Th/YbTa/Yb巖漿源區構造判別圖解(圖7c)上,閃長玢巖2件成分點明顯落在與大洋板塊俯沖有關的富集地幔源區,閃長玢巖1件和二長斑巖成分點落在活動陸緣區域;在Rb/YNb/Y圖解(圖7d)上,閃長玢巖、二長斑巖成分點均落在大洋俯沖提供流體交代下地殼而形成的富集地幔源區。
4.3" 形成環境與地球動力學背景
如前所述,六九山銅礦床產在興蒙造山帶東部、大興安嶺東坡中北段,區域先后經歷古亞洲洋構造體系和古太平洋構造體系演化。前人研究表明,古生代受古亞洲洋構造體系的控制[5458],古亞洲洋最終閉合于晚二疊世—早三疊世期間(約250 Ma),中三疊世期間進入鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋俯沖體系[5960];目前,有關環太平洋構造體系開始的時間雖有爭論,但眾多學者認為古太平洋板塊在晚三疊世晚期—早侏羅世早期開始向歐亞大陸的俯沖作用[6164]。
六九山銅礦床成礦系統的閃長玢巖、二長斑巖鋯石UPb同位素定年結果表明巖漿作用發生在132 Ma,成礦與斑巖巖漿就位過程具有明顯的時空關系;這種特征表明成巖成礦作用發生在中生代早白堊世,其成巖成礦應形成于古太平洋板塊俯沖大陸邊緣巖漿弧環境。在w(Nb)w(Y)、w(Rb)w(Y+Nb)(圖8a、b)構造環境判別圖中,成分點均落在同碰撞火山弧區(圖8a)和火山弧區(圖8b),表明成巖成礦作用發生在碰撞與造山后火山弧階段;這一點與區域孔雀山、蓮花山和鬧牛山等淺成熱液銅礦床以及金雞嶺、富克山和小科勒河等斑巖型銅礦床,特別是蓮花山、鬧牛山等淺成熱液銅礦床處于相同的構造背景[17],成巖成礦適值中生代早白堊世庫拉板塊向歐亞板塊俯沖的大陸邊緣巖漿弧背景。
a. (La/Yb)N (Yb)N成因圖解;b. Sr/Yw(Y)成因圖解;c. Th/YbTa/Yb成因圖解;d. Rb/YNb/Y成因圖解。OIB.洋島玄武巖;EMORB.富集洋中脊玄武巖;NMORB.正常洋中脊玄武巖。
底圖據文獻[54, 65]。
5" 結論
本文通過大興安嶺東坡中北段六九山銅礦床成礦系統淺成巖地質、鋯石UPb同位素定年和元素地球化學特征研究,討論了成巖時代、成因類型與地球動力學背景,取得的主要認識如下:
1)將淺成巖地質與鋯石UPb同位素定年相結合,確定閃長玢巖和二長斑巖巖漿就位發生在132 Ma,結合輝鉬礦ReOs同位素年齡((134.1±0.8)Ma),限定成礦發生在早白堊世。
2)元素地球化學特征揭示,閃長玢巖為典型島弧鈣堿性巖,二長斑巖為典型埃達克質巖,二者與成礦作用密切相關;巖漿起源于與大洋板塊俯沖有關的以流體交代為主的富集地幔部分熔融。
3)從區域地球動力學角度出發,成巖成礦作用適值中生代早白堊世庫拉板塊向歐亞板塊俯沖的大陸邊緣巖漿弧背景。
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