繁榮麗水

摘 要 本文介紹了麗水市舉辦的“未來山水城：麗水山居”競賽中，都靈理工大學和華南理工大學為“未來山水城”設計的“繁榮麗水”項目。該競賽與國家政策相呼應，邀請參賽者根據城市功能和項目與鄉村融合，同時也是城市空間與農業融合，提出融合城鄉的新愿景。麗水山谷是一個豐富而復雜的生態系統，對農業生產、旅游業以及生態、歷史價值保護都很重要，因此被選為標志性地點。“繁榮麗水”項目將現有景觀重組為4個系統：①農業生產空間；②山上住宅；③設施和流動的復合系統；④生態保護區。這一設計方案在保護生態多樣性的同時，產生了巨大的社會和經濟效益。

關鍵詞：空間規劃；城市設計；麗水；城鄉關系

1 中國腹地的復興

在過去的20 年中，大多數中國城市的政策和項目逐步將重點從大型城市中心轉移到受經濟改革影響較小、發展較為緩慢的內部地區，即羅澤爾（Rozelle） 和赫爾（Hell）定義的“隱形中國”[1]。應對這部分中國地區的挑戰，意味著要解決農業生產下降、城鄉居民收入差距擴大、基礎設施和服務缺乏等問題[2-3]。盡管目前農村生活水平有所提高，但國家統計局的數據顯示：城市地區的平均收入比農村地區高近3 倍；農村人口中有7% 用不上自來水，2.6%用不上醫療設施，農村地區5 歲以下兒童的死亡率為8%[4]。

為解決這些問題，自 2000 年以來，中國實施了各種措施改善內陸地區的生活條件。其中最重要的是 2006 年提出的“建設社會主義新農村”計劃，該計劃目前仍在進行中[5]。“建設社會主義新農村”計劃的主要目標是改善農村地區的服務和生活水平，保護農田，促進農業生產以滿足人們日益增長的需求。與許多其他計劃一樣，該計劃通過對基礎設施進行重大投資來實施，從而對農村地區的建筑空間和生產場所進行徹底的重組[6]。這些措施與2014 年出臺的《國家新型城鎮化規劃》和2018 年出臺的《鄉村振興戰略規劃》相呼應，國家為改善農業生產給農村地區分配了大量資源，為解決農村地區治理難題制定了新政策，為提高農村地區生活水平制定了新方案[7-8]。此外，自2019年起，國務院與國家發展改革委（NDRC）建立了部際聯席會議制度，以促進這些舉措之間的協調，更好地統籌城鄉發展[9]。

這些舉措得到國家的推動的同時，由地方行政部門和私營企業參與的基層城市化形式也使地方改善農村地區的項目增加。其中，浙江省的試驗尤為突出[10-12]。早在2002 年，浙江省政府就啟動了“綠色鄉村振興計劃”，為農村地區提供服務并提高農業生產。根據這一戰略，當地干部實施了具體項目，并取得重要成果。值得一提的是，安吉縣政府于2008 年提出保護和更新村莊和傳統作物，大力推廣以“幸福和健康”為中心的慢旅游。這項名為“美麗鄉村”的政策取得了巨大成功，促使浙江省政府在省內其他地區也采取了類似措施。5 年后，國家發起了“美麗中國行動”，將這一鄉村戰略推廣到全國各地[13]。

在這一趨勢下，麗水市政府提出了多項倡議，為未來發展制定了新戰略。這些舉措以空間設計方法為基礎，旨在更好地理解如何組織景觀和地域，平衡新城市空間的需求和環境資源的保護。本文對此進行了討論：首先，概述了麗水市的情況，強調了市政府在城市發展方法上的轉變，這種轉變促進了2020 年“未來山水城”競賽的推廣；其次，介紹了都靈理工大學和華南理工大學（SCUT）的“繁榮麗水”項目；最后，作者希望進一步觀察作為重要建筑和城市實驗場所的中國腹地。

2 麗水市作為實踐基地

麗水市面積17，298km2，人口約270 萬[14]。由于其邊緣化的狀態和復雜的地形，使其成為浙江省最貧困的地區之一：人均 GDP 最低，不到國內發達地區的一半，人均年收入最低，平均為 3 萬元人民幣[15]。此外，該市居民獲得教育和醫療保健的機會很少，向沿海地區的移民率在全省名列前茅[16]。為解決這些問題，過去30 年來，當地政府推動了多項開發該地區的措施。這些措施主要集中在蓮都區，該區屬于山區，面積超過15 萬公頃，居民41.72 萬人，其中 18萬人居住在麗水市區[14]。

1993 年，浙江省政府設立麗水經濟技術開發區 （Lishui ETDZ），2002 年麗水工業園區開始動工，該園區位于麗水市西南4 公里處，占地 14，534 ha。從最初的建設階段開始，該園區就一直由國家發展改革委監管，并由其提供資金。此后，麗水市于2007 年啟動了南城區項目：工業園區東擴，新增一個可容納17 萬居民的新城鎮。為實現該項目，3，528 公頃的丘陵地帶被平整，并修建了道路，將土地劃分為500m×500m 的地塊。在這一開發項目中，30%的區域被劃分為工業區，25% 的區域被劃分為環保設施和公共空間，其余區域被劃分為住宅區[17]。2008 年，南城區開始動工，并被列入麗水市城市總體規劃（2013—2030 年）。 與此同時，當地政府還建立了蓮都—義烏山海合作工業園區，這是一個擁有2 塊土地的低碳園區。第一個園區位于麗水市西南 18km處的碧湖鎮附近，占地 250 公頃。自2008 年以來，該開發項目已逐步配備基礎設施并入駐。第二個園區占地250 公頃，位于麗水市西南17km 處的河谷平原西部的山區邊緣。由于這些措施，國務院將麗水經濟技術開發區提升為“國家級開發區”，并于 2019 年批準在該新區的南部建設機場[18]。如今，大部分交通基礎設施已經完工，工業園區內約一半廠房已完成租賃，而住房、服務設施和工業園區仍在建設中。因此，麗水經濟技術開發區擁有4 萬居民、1，100 家企業，麗水經濟技術開發區占蓮都區GDP 的20%[14]。

然而，這種以重工業和城市化為中心的發展模式既對環境造成了影響，也未能阻止農村山區的向外移民和人口減少。此外，許多人對麗水這類小城市能否成功實現其雄心勃勃的城市發展規劃表示懷疑。作為回應，國家和省級行政部門目前正在倡導可替代的發展戰略，以促進第一產業的發展。這一點對麗水市尤為重要，在過去的20 年中，麗水市的農業收入增長了2 倍多，達155 億元人民幣，占麗水市GDP的7%，農業產業雇用了47.5 萬人（每5 個居民中就有一個農民）。在這里，土地開墾一直是這一新戰略的核心。在占麗水市農業生產總量20% 的蓮都區，農業用地面積翻了一倍多，增加了5，700 公頃[19]。

此外，浙江省政府還頒布了開發環境和文化資源，以及促進旅游業發展的新政策[20-21]。2020 年1 月，浙江省確定了169 個新增長模式實驗點[20]。其中，在麗水市蓮都區劃定了2 個戰略區域：①碧湖鎮，作為城鄉一體化的實驗點；②大港頭鎮，作為具有重要文化和旅游價值的實驗點。

隨著麗水城市化戰略的轉變，市政府啟動了2020 年“未來山水城”國際競賽。規劃活動地點位于麗水市西南20km 處的山谷中，競賽規劃面積 152km2（圖1，圖2）。該區域內居住著 8.5 萬人，85% 以上屬于農村居民[14]。競賽設定了4 個主要目標： ①開發新的居住類型，遏制土地消耗，重新補充山區人口；②促進以農業、旅游業和福利為基礎的新經濟活動；③重組整個區域的服務和設施；④保護和改善當地景觀。該競賽要求參賽者為整個山谷制訂空間規劃，并設計具體場地。競賽分兩個階段進行：第一階段從收到的93 份參賽方案中選出 10 份；第二階段評出3 個最佳項目。其中包括都靈理工大學和華南理工大學的“繁榮麗水”項目，該項目在第3 節中介紹。

3“繁榮麗水”設計方案

“繁榮麗水”是都靈理工大學和華南理工大學合作完成的規劃設計方案，該方案設想將麗水南部的農業谷地建設為新興大都市發展的綠色新中心。該項目將農業放在首位，打造城市化的農業景觀，讓新的居住區、設施和高科技農場與傳統村落共存（圖3，圖4）。在這一愿景中，將大部分平整土地保留給農業，而新的開發項目位于山腳下現有的交通基礎設施沿線，或者位于山坡上。基于這種方法，該項目設想了4 個主題，以重新定義整個大都市系統的方案、形態和功能：①改善農業生產；②重組交通系統；③根據地形形態定義新的居住系統；④開發新的生態基礎設施，首先是重新配置水系統。

3.1 農業生產空間

該場地的農業生產目前占地5，000 多公頃，東面和南面是甌江，北面是泉溪河，西面是山坡。根據項目設想，這片擁有眾多居民點的場地將成為一個強化生產、研究和福利措施的空間，主要通過3 項行動措施來實現：①徹底重組農業用地；②引入室內農業空間；③接入新的城市設施，特別是教育和休閑設施。

農業用地重組旨在減少對生產效率產生負面影響的過度分散土地。目前，地塊面積在0.1 ～ 0.5 公頃之間，大多數由小農業主出讓給大公司使用。該項目將這些土地重新安排為5 ～ 12 公頃的地塊，共計3，500 公頃。同時，該項目還促進了農作物分化，尤其關注本地的水果和蔬菜種植（圖5，圖6）。

在進行農業用地重組的同時，改進了農業生產技術。技術先進的農業生產是中國廣泛討論的一個主題，政府機構和高科技公司通過投資自動化設備開發多種形式的智能農業和人工智能農業。鑒于此，該項目建議建造了180 個溫室栽培設施，總面積860 公頃，占現有農業用地面積的四分之一，并在現有居住區附近建造150 個垂直農場。除這些農業設施外，還計劃建設一個新的高架交通基礎設施，用于貨物和能源的運輸和配送，以連接位于交通要道沿線的3 個物流樞紐。

對農業生產系統的重新思考促進了山谷地區人們生活方式的徹底轉變。基于此，項目設想了當前所缺乏的活動空間。具體而言，該項目將提供 21 個休閑活動區（占地12 公頃）、28 個教育活動區（占地55 公頃）、31 個研究實驗室和新的醫療保健設施（占地13 公頃）。這些功能的混合，將農業用地變成基礎設施、產業和設施豐富的城市化空間。

3.2 山居生活

在麗水設想新的居住系統意味著要研究建筑空間與山谷多樣景觀之間的關系。為此，該項目分別針對山麓地區、平原農業園區、河谷斜坡和高地制定了3 種形式的居住策略（圖7，圖8）。

為保護平原地區的主要農業活動，新城市發展的主要支點位于山谷邊緣。在過去的20 年中，主要的交通基礎設施都建在這里，同時還建起了20 層以上的新住宅區和半獨立式住宅大院。為順應這種城市化趨勢，該項目提出一個由高密度住宅空間和城市大型設施（公園、體育館、博物館、醫院）組成的連續居住系統設想。其結果是形成了一個環狀結構，與平原地區接壤，并深入較小的山谷中，這是一層城市薄膜，可根據地形因素變寬、變厚或變窄。

就農業園區而言，該項目擬議的住房干預措施主要是恢復現有的村莊，即散布在谷底的43 個緊湊型定居點。這些村莊一般由500 ～ 600 棟2 層或3 層坡屋頂的單戶住宅組成，這些住宅是在過去 20 年中用混凝土和磚建成的。該項目要求拆除較小的村落，并對較大的村落進行密集化改造，在現有居住區的邊緣增加新的學校、實驗室、體育設施、后勤設施、溫室和垂直農場等。

最后，居住在山谷的斜坡和高地意味著生活在由森林、小水道和稻田梯田構成的空間中。迄今為止，這些山區的特點是居住區小、人口少，這些居住區由傳統的四合院組成，用生土和木頭隔開，雙坡屋頂上覆蓋著瓦片。該項目主張通過保守的行動保護這一遺產，并建造小型建筑來促進文化活動和旅游業的發展。

3.3 設施和交通系統

該項目劃定了3 個交通系統：①在谷底邊緣運行的快速連接系統；②與平原農業園區融為一體的水上交通網絡；③連接邊谷的廣泛小型公路系統（ 圖9，圖10）。

快速交通系統的建設在很大程度上是由地方行政機構推動的，在過去的10 年中，地方行政機構每年新建約200km 的公路。在快速交通系統方面，該項目要求通過建設4 條大都市鐵路線和加強現有的南北向公路軸線來升級公共交通系統。該系統是連接現有城區的主要通道，也是未來城市發展的支撐點。

與此相反，通過水上交通系統，在農業谷地推廣無車方案，這一系統已在麗水地區的多個區域投入使用。如今，平原農業園區由密集的水泥路組成，只有一條或2 條車道，與新修建的主要道路重疊。該項目計劃拆除大部分中等尺寸的道路，恢復約170 公頃的耕地。取而代之的是，設計一個廣泛的水渠網絡，作為農業定居點與耕地之間的主要連接。

整個交通系統的第3 層是次要連接網絡系統，它們從主要道路延伸到橫向山谷，并沿著山坡向上延伸。該系統由雙車道公路、索道、自行車道和人行道組成，為位于山坡和高地的村莊提供服務，同時也使山谷和山脈，即農業園區和高地森林之間的關系更加緊密。

3.4 生態保護區

麗水山谷屬于溫帶氣候，全年雨量充沛，每年4—6 月為降雨高峰期。這種氣候與山區地形結合，形成了豐富但脆弱的地貌景觀。全境洪水泛濫，水文地質不穩定。為使這樣的地貌景觀更好地發揮作用，項目建議通過小型水壩和池塘系統來集水，在平原農業園區內修建新的運河，并重新恢復烏江河床的自然狀態（圖11，圖12）。

山地空間以小溪流為特征，最容易受到水文地質不穩定的影響，需要不斷維護。近年來，在山谷邊緣的各種高地上修建了種植水稻的梯田。按照同樣的邏輯，該項目在不適合種植水稻的區域設計了小型水壩用來攔水。此外，該項目還計劃加固現有的小型水庫，這些水庫還可用于水力發電。

然而，平原農業園區也存在水資源管理問題。20 世紀 80 年代中期，在平原農業園區南部修建了3 座大型水庫，用于蓄水和水力發電。該項目旨在對這一復雜的水利系統進行改造，使大部分現有運河可以通航，改造方案為：減少小型運河，增加中型運河的容量，恢復歷史運河。這就需要建造新的水閘、綠樹成蔭的碼頭和養魚池。

與平原農業園區的工程治水形成鮮明對比的是甌江治理，甌江從西南向東北不規則地橫穿整個區域。這條水道的河床寬度從 120m 到350m 不等，河岸之間的距離長達1km，河道上有許多小島，其中一些島上有人居住。鑒于該區域環境的重要性，該項目推動了河岸加固和恢復自然景觀的行動，以保護河谷平原。河岸加固有2 種方式：①在河床變窄的地方，修建“硬河岸”，加固現有的堤壩；②在河床變寬的地方，修建“軟河岸”，該區域有助于在漲水期間吸收多余的水，成為保護當地生物多樣性的天然綠洲。

4 結 語

“繁榮麗水”項目、中國城市規劃設計研究院的“未來超級山水公園”項目和奧利弗·格雷德爾（Olivier Greder）建筑事務所的“共生的城市變化”項目為本次競賽的3 個獲獎項目。盡管這些項目彼此大相徑庭，但卻有著共同的關注點和目標。最重要的是，需要將麗水市區設想為一個地域公園。據此，“未來超級山水公園”項目利用河流定義該公園的主體結構。奧利弗·格雷德爾的“共生的城市變化”則采用了不同的方法，依靠低密度的城市發展，重新連接山谷的景觀、歷史結構和文化遺產。其他入圍項目也有類似的關注點。博埃里（Boeri ）建筑設計咨詢公司的“建筑與景觀之間的對話”項目旨在通過新的居住區模型，將建筑空間與環境融為一體。同樣，UNStudio、Gross Max、Systematica 3 個方案的“城市住房”項目設想在農業鄉村的稀有景觀中建造緊湊的居住單元。盡管這些方案各不相同[22]，但這些方案都將中國腹地詮釋為綜合用地，要求開發新的混合、多用途空間，據此能夠創造出一種包括生產基地、公共空間和服務設施的城市公園。

近年來，這一設計主題，以及解決這一問題的策略成為世界各地許多國際競賽和公共項目的核心。特別是，這些活動的重點都是由經濟的變化和農業技術的進步帶來的農村轉型、土地和環境的保護，以及優質服務的獲取。相比之下，中國目前正在進行的項目走在了城市和建筑實驗的前沿。雖然項目實施中與這些設想的偏差仍可能導致與以往城市化進程相同的問題，但目前的發展與以往截然不同：政府要求高質量的項目，世界各地的專業人才都可以引用，建筑技術和材料也在不斷改進。因此，在中國工作的城市規劃師和建筑師站在了這一進程的前沿，他們的項目不僅與當地的成果相關，還對當代城市規劃和設計文化產生了影響。

參考文獻

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ORIGINAL TEXTS IN ENGLISH

Prosperous Lishui：A Project for Chinese Hinterland

Leonardo Ramondetti， Camilla Forina

1 The Remaking of Chinese Hinterland

Over the last two decades， most Chinese urbanpolicies and projects have progressively shifted theirfocus from large urban centres towards what Rozelle and Hell defined as “the invisible China”： internalareas only slightly impacted by the developmentthat came after the economic reform[1]. Addressingthe challenges of this part of the Chinese territory，means dealing with the fall in agricultural production，the widening income gap between urban and ruralpopulations， and the lack of infrastructures andservices[2-3]. Despite improvements in rural standardsof living， data from the National Bureau of Statisticsshow that the average income in rural areas is nearlythree times lower than that of urban areas; 7% of therural population has no access to running water， 2.6%has no access to hospital facilities， and the mortalityrate of children under five in rural areas is 8%[4].

To address these issues， various initiativeshave been implemented since the 2000s to improveliving conditions in the Chinese hinterland. Themost significant was the Building a New SocialistCountryside program， introduced in 2006 and stillongoing[5]. The program’s main objectives are toimprove services and living standards in rural areas，to preserve farmland， and to boost agriculturalproduction to meet the growing demand. This program，like many others， has been implemented throughmajor infrastructural investments， leading to a radicalreorganization of constructed spaces and productivesites in rural areas[6]. In continuity with these initiatives，the National New Type of Urbanization Plan and theRural Revitalization Strategy Plan were launched in2014 and 2018 respectively， with massive resourcesallocated for improving agricultural production， newpolicies to address governance difficulties， and novelprograms for improving the living standards in ruralareas[7-8]. Furthermore， since 2019， the State Councilhas established an inter-ministerial joint conferencesystem with the National Development and ReformCommission （NDRC） to foster the coordinationbetween these many initiatives and better integrateurban-rural development[9].

While these initiatives have been promotedby the national government， forms of grassrootsurbanization involving local administrationsand private players have led to a rise in localprojects to improve rural areas. In particular， theZhejiang Province has been a place of exceptionalexperimentation [10-12]. Already in 2002， the ProvincialGovernment launched the Green Rural Revivalprogram to supply services in rural areas and toimprove agricultural production. Following thisstrategy， local cadres implemented specific projects that resulted in important achievements. Particularlynoteworthy is the government of Anji County， whichin 2008 enacted policies for the preservation andrenewal of villages and traditional crops， stronglypromoting slow tourism centred on well-beingand health. This initiative， known as BeautifulCountryside， had a great success， prompting theregional government to adopt similar measures acrossother parts of Zhejiang. Five years later， the nationalgovernment launched the Beautiful China Initiative，extending this rural strategy nationwide [13].

Following this trend， municipalities like Lishuihave promoted several initiatives to envision newstrategies for future development. These are based ona spatial design approach to better understand howto organise landscapes and territories， balancing theneed for new urban spaces with the preservation ofenvironmental resources. This article discusses thisas follows： first， an overview of the Lishui Valley isprovided， highlighting the shift in urban approachadopted by the Municipality which led to thepromotion of the Future Shan-Shui City competitionin 2020; after this， the article presents the projectProsperous Lishui by Politecnico di Torino and SouthChina University of Technology （SCUT）; finally， the final remarks invites a further observation of Chinesehinterlands as a place of significant architectural andurban experimentation.

2 Lishui Valley as a site for Experimentation

The Lishui Municipality extends over 17，298square kilometres and has a population of about 2.7million people[14]. Due to its marginal status and adifficult orography， it is one of the poorest areas in theZhejiang Province： it has the lowest per-capita GDP，less than half that of the more developed areas， andthe lowest annual per-capita income， an average of30，000 CNY[15]. Furthermore， access to education andhealthcare is poor， and the migration rate toward thecoastal regions is among the highest in the province[16].To address these issues， the local government haspromoted numerous initiatives to develop the areaover the last 30 years. These efforts have focused onthe Liandu District： a mountainous territory coveringover 150，000 hectares， with 417，200 inhabitants， ofwhom 180，000 live in Lishui city [14].

In 1993， the provincial government ofZhejiang instituted the Lishui Economic TechnologyDevelopment Zone （Lishui ETDZ）， and in 2002work began on the Lishui Shuige Industrial Park： a14，534-hectare development located four kilometressouthwest of Lishui city. Since the initial twoyearconstruction phase， the site has been under thesupervision of the National Development and ReformCommission， which has funded its realization.Thereafter， in 2007， Lishui Municipality promotedthe Nancheng District： an eastward expansion ofthe industrial park with the addition of a new townfor 170，000 inhabitants. To realize the project， ahilly territory of 3，528 hectares was levelled andequipped with roads parcelling out plots of 500x500meters. Within this development， 30% of the areawas designated for industry， 25% for environmentalfacilities and public spaces， and the remainder forresidential use [17]. Work began the following year，and Nancheng District was included in the UrbanMasterplan of Lishui City （2013-2030）. In parallel，the local administration established the Liandu-YiwuShanghai Cooperation Industrial Park， a low-carbondistrict on two sites. The first covers 250 hectaresnear Bihu Town， 18 kilometres southwest of Lishuicity. Since 2008， this development has been graduallyequipped with infrastructures and inhabited. Thesecond site covers 250 hectares along the mountainouswestern edge of the valley plain， 17 kilometressouthwest of Lishui city. Thanks to these initiatives，the State Council raised Lishui ETDZ to the statusof “area of national interest”， and in 2019 approvalarrived for the construction of an airport south of thenew district [18]. Today， most mobility infrastructureshave been completed， about half of the industrial areahas been leased， while housing， services and parks arestill under construction. As a result， Lishui ETDZ has40，000 inhabitants， 1，100 companies， and accounts for20% of the GDP of Liandu District [14].

However， this development model， centredon heavy industry and urbanization， has impactedthe environment， and failed to stem migration anddepopulation in rural mountainous areas. Additionally，many doubts have been voiced regarding the abilityof minor municipalities like Lishui to effectively fulfiltheir ambitious plans for urban growth. In response，national and provincial administrations are nowadvocating for alternative developmental strategies to boost the primary sector. This is particularly relevantfor Lishui Municipality， where agriculture represents7% of the GDP and employs 475，000 people （one infive residents）， with revenues having more than tripledto 15.5 billion CNY over the last two decades. Here，land reclamation has been at the heart of this newstrategy. In Liandu District， which accounts for 20%of the Lishui Municipality’s agricultural production，the agricultural land area has more than doubled，increasing by 5，700 hectares [19].

F u r t h e r m o r e ， n e w p o l i c i e s t o d e v e l o penvironmental and cultural resources， and to promotetourism have been enacted [20-21]. In January 2020，the Zhejiang Province identified 169 experimentalsites for new growth models [20]）. Among these，two strategic areas have been designated in LianduDistrict： Bihu Town， as an experimental site for urbanruralintegration; and Dagangtou Town， as a place ofgreat cultural and tourism value.

In line with the shift in Lishui urbanizationstrategy， the municipality launched the internationalcompetition Future Shan-Shui City in 2020. The sitefor the planning activities is a 152-square-kilometresarea cantered on a valley 20 kilometres southwest ofLishui （Figures 1-2）. 85，000 people inhabit this space，more than 85% of residents are classified as ruralcitizens [14]. The competition set four main objectives：1） developing new typologies of settlement to curbland consumption and repopulate the mountainousareas; 2） promoting new economic activities based onagriculture， tourism， and wellbeing; 3） reorganisingservices and facilities throughout the site; 4） preservingand enhancing the local landscape. Participants wereasked to develop a spatial plan for the entire valley anddesign specific sites. The competition was organized intwo phases： the first phase selected 10 proposals fromthe 93 entries received， and the second awarded thethree best projects. Among these is Prosperous Lishuiby Politecnico di Torino and SCUT， which is presentedin the next section.

3 Prosperous Lishui

Prosperous Lishui envisions the agrarianvalley south of Lishui as the new green centreof the emerging metropolitan development. Theproject prioritizes farming to produce an urbanizedagricultural landscape where new settlements andfacilities coexist with high-tech farms and traditionalvillages （Figures 3-4）. In this vision， most of theflatland is reserved for agriculture， while newdevelopments are situated either along the existingmobility infrastructures at the foot of the mountains，or on the slopes. Based on this approach， theproject develops four themes to redefine programs，morphologies， and functions of the whole metropolitansystem： 1） improving agricultural production; 2）reorganising the mobility system; 3） defining newsettlement systems based on the terrain’s morphology;4） developing new ecological infrastructures， startingwith the reconfiguration of the water system.

3.1 Spaces for Agricultural Production

Agricultural production in Lishui Valleycurrently covers over 5，000 hectares bordered bythe Ou River to the east and south， the Quanxi Riverto the north， and the mountain slopes to the west.In the project hypothesis， this area with numeroussettlements becomes a space that intensifies measuresfor production， research， and welfare， through three main actions： the complete reorganizationof agricultural lands; the introduction of spacesfor indoor farming; and the grafting of new urbanfacilities， especially for education and leisure.

The land reorganization aims at reducing theexcessive fragmentation of the territory， whichnegatively impact production efficiency. At present，the parcels range between 0.1 and 0.5 hectares， andare mostly ceded by small agricultural owners to largecompanies for use. The project rearranges the landinto lots ranging from 5 to 12 hectares， totalling 3，500hectares of arable land. In parallel， the project fosterscrop differentiation， paying particular attention tonative fruits and vegetables （Figures 5-6）.

This reorganization is accompanied bythe improvement of production technologies.Technologically advanced agricultural production isa theme widely discussed in China， with governmentagencies and high-tech firms investing in thedevelopment of many forms of smart agriculture andAI farming via automated equipment. Consideringthis， the project proposes the creation of 180 structuresfor greenhouse cultivation， covering a quarter of theavailable area （860 hectares）， and 150 vertical farmslocated close to existing settlements. Alongside thesenew facilities， a new elevated infrastructure for themovement and distribution of goods and energy isplanned to connect three logistical hubs sited alongthe main road for transportation.

The rethinking of the agricultural productionsystem leads to a radical transformation of the way ofliving the valley. For this reason， the project envisionsspaces for activities currently missing. Specifically， 21areas for recreational activities （12 hectares）， 28 foreducational activities （55 hectares）， and 31 researchlaboratories and new healthcare facilities （13 hectares）are provided. These mix of multiple activities turnsthe farming sites into urbanized spaces rich ininfrastructure， industries， and facilities.

3.2 Dwelling on the Mountains

Envisioning new settlement systems in Lishuimeans to investigate the relationship betweenconstructed space and the diverse landscape of thevalley. In this respect， the project develops three formsof housing strategy in relation to the piedmont areas，the agricultural park of the plain， and the valley slopesand highlands respectively （Figures 7-8）.

To preserve the plains mainly for agriculturalactivities， the main fulcrum of new urban developmentis sited at the edges of the valley. Here， over the lasttwo decades the major mobility infrastructures havebeen built together with new housing complexeswith twenty-or-more-story buildings and compoundsof semi-detached houses. The project counters thisurbanization by proposing a continuous settlementsystem composed of high-density residential spacesand urban macro-facilities （parks， stadiums， museums，hospitals）. The result is a sort of ring that bordersthe plain and probes into the smaller valleys： anurban membrane that widens， thickens， or narrowsdepending on the topographical factors.

For the agricultural park， the proposed housinginterventions primarily regard the recovery of existingvillages， i.e.， 43 compact settlements scattered at thebottom of the valley. These villages generally consist of500-600 single-family houses with two or three floorsand pitched roofs， built in concrete and brick over thelast 20 years. The project calls for the removal of the smaller villages and a densification of the larger ones，working on the margins of the existing settlementsby adding new schools， laboratories， sports facilities，logistical features， greenhouses， and vertical farms.

Finally， inhabiting the slopes and highlands ofthe valley means living in a space made of forests，small waterways， and terraces for the rice fields. Todate， these mountainous areas have been characterizedby small settlements and shrinking population. Thesesettlements are made up of traditional courtyardhouses， with partitions in raw earth and wood， anddouble-pitched roofs covered with tiles. The projectadvocates for the preservation of this heritage throughconservative actions， and the construction of smallarchitectures to promote cultural activities and tourism.

3.3 Facilities and System of Mobility

The project delineates three systems of mobility：1） a rapid connection system running on the marginsof the valley floor; 2） a water mobility network，integrated in the agricultural plain; 3） a widespreadsystem of smaller road connecting the side valleys（Figures 9-10）.

T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s y s t e m s f o r r a p i dtransport mobility has been largely promoted bylocal administrative bodies， which have built about200 kilometres of new highways per year overthe last decade. In this respect， the project solicitsthe upgrading of public transport by creating fourmetropolitan railway lines and reinforcing the existingnorth-south road axes. This system serves as the mainconnection between the existing urban settlements andas a support for future urban development.

Conversely， a no-car scenario is promoted inthe agricultural valley with the adoption of watertransport， a system already in use in several areas ofthe Lishui prefecture. Today， the agricultural plainis composed of a dense pattern of concrete roads，with one or two lanes， overlaid by major recentlyconstructed roads. The project envisions removingmost of the medium-size roads roads， recoveringabout 170 hectares of land for cultivation. Instead，a widespread network of water canals is designedto be the primary connection between agriculturalsettlements and cultivations.

Finally， the third layer of the overall mobilitysystem is the network of minor connections. Theseextend from the major roads into the lateral valleysand run up the slopes. This system， composed of twolaneroads， cableways， bicycle paths， and pedestrianwalkways serves the villages located on the slopesand the highlands， also permitting close relationsbetween the valley and the mountains， i.e.， betweenthe agricultural park and the highlands’ forests.

3.4 Ecological Reserve

The valley of Lishui has a temperate climatewith abundant rainfall throughout the year， with peaksfrom April to June. This climate， combined with themountain topography， generates a rich but fragilelandscape. The whole territory is subject to floodingand hydro-geological instability. To ensure the betterfunctioning of such a landscape， the project proposesconsolidating the slopes through a system of smalldams and ponds to collect water， constructing newcanals inside the agricultural plain， and re-naturalizingthe Ou riverbed （Figures 11-12）.

The mountainous space， characterized by smallstreams and brooks， is the most vulnerable to hydrogeologicalinstability， requiring constant maintenance.In recent years， terraces for growing rice have beenbuilt on various highlands at the valley’s edges.Following the same logic， the project designs smalldams to contain water in areas unsuitable for ricefields. Additionally， it invites to reinforce the existingsmall water reservoirs， which can also be used forhydroelectric energy production.

However， water management issues arise alsoin the agricultural plain. Here， there has been aprogressive land engineering， culminating in the mid-1980s when three large reservoirs were built to thesouth of the plain to contain the water and contribute tohydroelectric energy production. The project sets out towork on this complex hydraulic system to make a largepart of the existing canals navigable： reducing the smallcanals， increasing the capacity of medium ones， andrestoring historical ones. This entails the construction ofnew locks， tree-lined quays， and fish farming pools.

The engineering water management of theagricultural plain is contrasted by the Ou River， whichirregularly crosses the landscape from southwest tonortheast. This waterway has a bed varying in sizefrom 120 to 350 meters， with distances between thebanks extending up to one kilometre， with large islands，some of which are inhabited. Given the environmentalimportance of this area， the project promotes operationsof consolidation and re-naturalization of the riverbanksin order to protect the plain of the valley. Theconsolidation occurs in two ways. Where the riverbednarrows， the creation of “hard banks” is proposed，reinforcing the existing embankments. Vice versa，where the riverbed widens the project develops “softbanks”： damp areas that contribute to absorb excesswater during periods of high water， serving as naturaloases to preserve the local biodiversity.

4 Concluding Remarks

The Prosperous Lishui project is one of thethree winners of the competition alongside FutureSuper Shan-shui Park by the China Academy ofUrban Planning and Design， and A Symbiotic UrbanChange by Olivier Greder Architects. Though verydifferent from each other， these projects stem fromshared concerns and set common objectives. Aboveall， the need to envision Lishui’s metropolitan area asa territorial park. In line with this， the project FutureSuper Shan-shui Park uses the rivers to define themain structure of this park. With a different approach，A Symbiotic Urban Change by Oliver Greder relieson low-density urban development to reconnect thelandscape， historical fabric， and cultural heritage ofthe Valley. Similar attention is also in other finalistprojects. Dialog Between Architecture and Landscapeby Boeri Architecture Design Consulting aims tointegrate constructed spaces and the environmentthrough new settlement prototypes. Similarly， UrbanRooms project by UNStudio， Gross Max， andSystematica envisions the construction of compactsettlement units inserted in the rarified landscape ofthe agricultural countryside. Even though diversefrom one another[22]， all these scenarios interpretChinese hinterlands as composite sites， soliciting thedevelopment of new hybrid， mixed-use spaces capableof creating a sort of city-park including productionsites， public spaces， and services.

This design theme， and the strategies to addressit， have also been at the core of many internationalcompetitions and public programmes all over the worldin recent years. Particularly， these initiatives focus onthe transformation of the countryside due to changes inthe economy and advancements in farming techniques，the preservation of land and environment， and accessto high-quality services. In comparison， the projectscurrently underway in China seem to be at the forefrontof urban and architectural experimentation. Whiledivergences from the vision of these scenarios couldstill lead to the same problems that have characterisedprevious urbanization， current development appearsradically different： administrations demand high-qualityprojects， expertise from all over the world is available，and construction techniques and materials haveconsistently improved. Consequently， urban plannersand architects working in China are at the vanguard ofthis process， and their projects are relevant not solelyfor their local outcomes， but also for their impact on thecontemporary culture of urban planning and design.