任靜瑤 于淼 蔡輝
摘要:現有研究證實纖維蛋白原、血漿白蛋白、中性粒細胞、單核細胞和淋巴細胞在調節不同腫瘤的發生和發展中發揮重要作用,且在腫瘤患者的外周血中的水平與生存預后和治療效果之間存在顯著的相關性,但單次應用的準確性和特異性尚未完全明確。越來越多的證據表明,術前纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(FAR)和全身炎癥反應指數(SIRI)等因子正在成為預測多種腫瘤預后和療效的綜合指標,其在胃癌的進展中起著關鍵的調節作用。因此,術前外周血FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者的預后評估和療效預測中具有一定的潛力,對制定個體化治療策略具有重要指導意義。本文綜述了近年來國內外關于FAR和SIRI在腫瘤發生發展中的潛在機制以及在胃癌患者中的應用價值,旨在探索這些指標在胃癌患者中的臨床價值,以提高患者的臨床治療效果和生存率。
關鍵詞:胃癌;纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值;全身炎癥反應指數;炎癥指標
中圖分類號:R735.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.039
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)12-0168-06
Application Value of Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio and Systemic Inflammatory Response Index
in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Abstract:Existing studies have confirmed that fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes play an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of different tumors, and there is a significant correlation between the level of fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of tumor patients and the survival prognosis and treatment effect, but the accuracy and specificity of single application have not been fully clarified. Increasing evidence shows that preoperative factors such as fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) are becoming comprehensive indicators for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of various tumors, which play a key regulatory role in the progression of gastric cancer. Therefore, preoperative peripheral blood FAR and SIRI levels have certain potential in the prognosis evaluation and efficacy prediction of gastric cancer patients, and have important guiding significance for the formulation of individualized treatment strategies. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of FAR and SIRI in tumorigenesis and development and their application value in patients with gastric cancer in recent years, aiming to explore the clinical value of these indicators in patients with gastric cancer, so as to improve the clinical treatment effect and survival rate of patients.
Key words:Gastric cancer;Fibrinogen to albumin ratio;Systemic inflammatory response index;Inflammation indicators
胃癌(gastric cancer)作為世界范圍內的一種重要癌癥,其發病率排名第五,死亡率排名第四[1]。與大多數發達國家相比,中國的死亡率/發病率比和5年患病率更高[2]。目前,以外科手術為主的多學科綜合治療仍然是胃癌治療的主要手段[3]。盡管在手術和麻醉技術、術后護理以及與胃癌相關的介入放射學方面取得了顯著進展,但胃切除術仍存在嚴重的術后并發癥風險。據報道[4],其術后并發癥的發生率為20%~35%。這些并發癥會阻礙康復,影響輔助治療的耐受性,降低患者生活質量[5]。同時,患有并發癥的患者具有更大的疾病復發風險[6]。最近,越來越多的研究表明,纖維蛋白原[7]、血漿白蛋白[8]、中性粒細胞、單核細胞和淋巴細胞[9]水平與腫瘤的預后密切相關。此外,纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(fibrinogen to albumin ratio,FAR)和全身炎癥反應指數(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)是可以同時反映患者炎癥和營養狀況的綜合標志物,在許多實體瘤的預后評估中也顯示出重要的價值,如肝細胞膽管癌[10]、胃腸道間質瘤[11]、胰腺癌[12]、肝癌[13]、膽囊癌[14]。特別是對于胃癌患者,炎癥和營養被認為是導致腫瘤進展并進而降低存活率的兩個重要因素。本文就術前FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者預后評估和術后療效預測方面的研究進展進行綜述,旨在探索能夠預測評估胃癌患者短期治療效果和長期生存結局的可靠參考指標。
1 FAR的定義及在癌癥中的相關機制
FAR=纖維蛋白原(F)/白蛋白(A)。白蛋白水平受患者的營養狀態和代謝需求的影響,其不僅是一種可以反映營養狀況的有價值的指標,還可參與炎癥反應相關的評估[15]。低蛋白血癥的發生會導致血漿膠體滲透壓下降,從而減少了組織的灌注。這種情況下,組織的氧和營養供應減少,同時也影響了免疫細胞的功能。低白蛋白血癥由炎癥狀態引起并反映了炎癥狀態,炎癥狀態會干擾對手術或化療等事件的充分反應,并且與生活質量差和壽命縮短有關[16]。低白蛋白血癥可引起腫瘤患者免疫缺陷,降低治療效果,增加死亡率[17,18]。纖維蛋白原是血漿中含量最高的凝血因子,這種糖蛋白由肝臟合成和分泌,在血管或組織受損時可以轉化為纖維蛋白,從而防止過度出血。纖維蛋白原轉化為纖維蛋白驅動炎癥,炎癥灶內和周圍的血管外纖維蛋白沉積表明纖維蛋白可能直接影響局部炎癥細胞活性。同時,炎癥作為活性調節劑也影響著抗纖維蛋白溶解狀態[19]。癌癥患者的凝血障礙多種多樣,起源于腫瘤特異性生長特征、內皮受損的新生血管生成、骨髓造血功能缺陷、低蛋白血癥或轉移性病造生長導致的器官功能障礙[20]。纖維蛋白原水平異常可導致凝血時正常穩態控制失衡。有研究表明[21],纖維蛋白原、纖維蛋白和纖維蛋白溶解系統的成分與癌癥生長和轉移過程相互作用較為復雜。簡單來說,血漿高纖維蛋白原促進高凝狀態,有利于腫瘤細胞的粘附和存活,導致癌癥的轉移潛在性[22]。同時,纖維蛋白原還可以為腫瘤細胞外基質提供一個穩定的框架,以促進腫瘤細胞的粘附和侵襲過程[23]。也有研究表示[24],纖維蛋白原在癌細胞上的沉積可形成一種物理屏障,使癌細胞免受自然殺傷細胞的識別和裂解,增加了腫瘤轉移的風險。此外,循環纖維蛋白原水平升高可誘導白介素-6(IL-6)的合成,促進腫瘤進展[25]。因此,可以認為惡性腫瘤患者術前高纖維蛋白原狀態與腫瘤的侵襲性和復發風險增加有關。基于此,纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值升高提示腫瘤預后不良,復發轉移風險較高。
根據Wen Y等[26]的研究結果可知,FAR是胃癌患者一個有價值的預測指標,其與癌癥患者的全因死亡率相關。由于FAR具有測量簡單、成本低、易行性較好以及相對較高的準確性等特點,在臨床得以廣泛使用[27]。與其他炎癥指標不同的是,纖維蛋白原、白蛋白在血液中的水平不受化療的干擾,能更準確地反映患者化療后的真實炎癥狀態[28]。
2 FAR與胃癌
有研究[29]評估前白蛋白與纖維蛋白原比值(PFR)、單核細胞與淋巴細胞比值(MLR)和白蛋白-纖維蛋白原比值(AFR)對胃癌的診斷價值,結果發現AFR與胃癌腫瘤大小、TNM分期、臨床分期等病理特征相關(P<0.05),且當PFR、MLR和AFR組合時,曲線下面積(AUC)為0.951,敏感性和特異性分別為87.10%和95.06%,提示這種組合對胃癌患者的診斷價值很高。也同樣有文獻報道[30],AFR對HP陰性胃癌患者也具有診斷價值。除此之外,一項國內多機構研究[31]采用測試隊列和外部驗證隊列中驗證FAR水平與GC病理分期和患者遠期預后有關。一項對1196例胃癌患者的大型回顧性分析顯示[32],血清纖維蛋白原水平與晚期腫瘤分期和接受胃切除術的患者生存率低呈正相關。并且有多項研究發現FAR或AFR可為接受一線化療胃癌患者[33]、老年胃癌患者[34]、可切除的Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胃癌患者[35-37]的臨床預后判斷提供一定的參考價值。還有研究表明[38],低AFR(<10.85)是化療耐藥的獨立危險因素。不僅如此,在一項納入365例接受根治性腹腔鏡胃切除術老年胃癌患者的研究中發現[34],術前AFR水平是術后發生嚴重并發癥的有效預測指標。國內也有研究發現[39],AFR是腹腔鏡胃切除術后老年胃癌患者術后譫妄的危險因素。FAR在評估營養狀況、凝血功能和全身炎癥方面具有重要意義。以上結果表明其在胃癌的診斷、術后并發癥預測、化療耐藥評估及長期生存結局判斷中發揮著至關重要的作用,可以作為評估胃癌患者預后的有力參數。
3 SIRI的定義及在腫瘤中的相關機制
SIRI=中性粒細胞(N)×單核細胞(M)/淋巴細胞(L)。炎癥在腫瘤增殖、轉移和化療耐藥性中起重要作用[40]。SIRI集結了嗜中性粒細胞、單核細胞和淋巴細胞三種細胞功能,是一種新的綜合指標,作為較近被提出的一項指標,對腫瘤發生發展及其預后有重要作用。中性粒細胞作為腫瘤微環境的關鍵組成部分,它通過多種機制促進腫瘤進展,病理活化的中性粒細胞可能是理解休眠腫瘤細胞再激活機制的起點[41]。研究表明[42],中性粒細胞可以通過促進基質降解和癌細胞增殖。嗜中性粒細胞產生的物質,如趨化因子、基質降解蛋白酶和活性氧,具有改變腫瘤生長和侵襲性的能力。在很大程度上,中性粒細胞的分子和細胞生理學似乎決定了它們的主要作用是有利于轉移性播種。中性粒細胞細胞外陷阱(NET)由釋放的DNA分子形成,旨在捕獲循環中的腫瘤細胞。這種纏繞的循環腫瘤細胞可能更容易在腔內存活,粘附在內皮細胞上并外滲。中性粒細胞可以直接與困在脈管系統中的腫瘤細胞相互作用[43]。單核細胞,作為炎癥和癌癥之間聯系的介質,在癌癥發展的各個階段扮演著重要角色[44]。它們可以通過分化為免疫調節細胞來促進癌癥免疫逃逸[45]。高水平的單核細胞計數代表高腫瘤負荷。在大多數腫瘤中,腫瘤細胞誘導循環單核細胞分化成腫瘤活化的巨噬細胞(TAM),通過分泌細胞因子和趨化因子并誘導具有抗癌活性的活化CD8+T細胞的凋亡,可促進腫瘤增殖、侵襲和遷移[46]。此外,TAM的密度會影響腫瘤血管生成,從而導致預后不良[47]。淋巴細胞作為免疫系統的重要組成部分,具有免疫監視的功能[48]。重要的是,T細胞中的代謝開關可以調節細胞活動并有助于腫瘤進展[49]。淋巴細胞通過細胞毒性可促進細胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤生長,殺死腫瘤細胞。一般來說,淋巴細胞的減少將導致免疫紊亂并損害對腫瘤的免疫反應[50]。
SIRI反映了癌癥微環境中主要免疫細胞(中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞和單核細胞)之間的復雜相互作用和協同促進作用,該新指標可用于預測惡性腫瘤患者的生存期,并能反映宿主免疫和炎癥狀況之間的平衡。越來越多研究報告顯示SIRI與眾多腫瘤的預后密切相關。Chen Y等[51]在鼻咽癌研究中發現,SIRI較高的患者的OS明顯短于SIRI較低的患者。此外,有研究報道[52],在絕經后乳腺癌女性中,SIRI低的患者OS明顯長于SIRI高的患者。也有研究顯示[53,54],在一些實體瘤(包括胰腺癌、胃癌、食管癌)中顯示出良好的預后能力。由于SIRI很容易根據全血細胞計數測試的結果計算出來,因此適用于在隨訪期間頻繁測試SIRI。SIRI的價值和動態變化都有可能作為評估輔助放化療療效,選擇合適的患者接受特定的靶向治療和免疫治療,以及監測可能的復發標志物,不過這些還需要進一步的研究證實。
4 SIRI與胃癌
在日本的一項研究中發現[55],在選取的8個具有代表性的炎癥反應標志物中淋巴細胞/單核細胞(LMR)在其他炎癥反應標志物中預測胃癌患者生存率的能力最強,較低的LMR與根治性胃切除術后的低生存率有關。另有研究顯示術前LMR是預后的獨立預測因子[57],術后12個月LMR以最高準確度預測5年總生存率(AUC為0.717)[56]。對于晚期胃癌患者的預后,MLR也被證實具有顯著預測價值。淋巴細胞/單核細胞可以反映患者的免疫狀態和炎癥程度,以上結果表明LMR對于胃癌患者生存率顯示出潛在的預測價值。最近,我國研究者還發現基于SIRI的綜合評分系統可以預測胃癌術后淋巴結轉移[58]。有研究指出[59],SIRI可作為腫瘤胸外科術后并發癥的預測性生物標志物。2022年8月意大利發表的一篇研究表明[60],SIRI可作為胃癌全胃切除術后吻合口漏的預測因子。胃癌術后并發癥的發生會增加治療的難度,從而延遲康復并提高死亡風險,因此,早期預防和及時處理這些并發癥非常重要。而以上研究的發現為SIRI成為監測胃癌患者病情和進行有效管理的有用工具提供了有力證據。
5總結
FAR和SIRI水平與胃癌患者的生存率和腫瘤的惡性程度相關,它們可以成為輔助判斷的工具,幫助臨床醫師評估患者的炎癥狀態、治療效果及預后,從而指導圍手術期管理和診療決策的制定。FAR和SIRI是一種簡單、方便、廉價的指標,可補充TNM分期以識別高危患者。由于TNM分期只能在手術后獲得,因此術前預測預后可以為患者制定更具個性化的治療計劃。雖然國內外對關于纖維蛋白原-白蛋白比值和全身炎癥反應指數在胃癌患者中的價值進行了探討,但仍缺乏高級別循證醫學證據的支持。當前的研究主要是回顧性單中心研究,且每個研究對FAR和SIRI的臨界值并不一致,這使得綜合評價變得困難。胃癌預后受到多種復雜因素的影響,使用單一指標難以準確評估。胃癌患者的免疫營養狀態是一個全身性的變化過程,僅僅研究單個指標存在一定的局限性,需要進行更全面深入的探討。因此,將FAR和SIRI結合起來應用對于胃癌患者短期和長期結局的價值有待進一步探索。FAR和SIRI的應用和解釋需要更多的研究來支持,從而為胃癌患者的風險評估、臨床診療和預后分析提供更多可靠和準確的循證醫學依據。
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