摘要 大面積腦梗死(MCI)是急性缺血性腦卒中較嚴重的一種臨床分型,具有進展迅速、預后不佳等臨床特點,死亡率高達53%~78%,如能盡早了解MCI的危險因素及可能的發病機制,將有助于醫生確定病人病情,盡早采取積極措施改善病人預后。炎癥反應被認為是急性缺血性腦卒中重要的發病機制,現對急性MCI病人炎癥相關指標進行綜述,以期為臨床早期精準干預或評估炎癥相關因子對急性MCI預后的影響。
關鍵詞 大面積腦梗死;炎癥反應;預后評估;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.20.014
作者單位 山西醫科大學第五臨床醫學院(太原 030012)
通訊作者 劉毅,E-mail:13834681049@163.com
引用信息 籍丹丹,劉毅.炎性因子與急性大面積腦梗死預后相關性的研究進展[J].中西醫結合心腦血管病雜志,2024,22(20):3731-3734.
大面積腦梗死(massive cerebral infarction,MCI)通常是由頸內動脈主干、大腦中動脈主干或皮質支閉塞所致,表現為病灶對側完全性偏癱、偏身感覺障礙及向病灶對側凝視麻痹[1],約占腦卒中病人總數的10%[2],呈進行性加重,易出現明顯的腦水腫和顱內壓增高征象,甚至發生腦疝。腦卒中后早期急性炎癥反應能夠減輕受損腦組織的繼發性損傷,維持神經元生理功能。隨著促炎細胞因子的釋放增多,血清中免疫細胞向大腦招募,白細胞、中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、巨噬細胞等炎性細胞參與并引起缺血缺氧性腦損傷[3-4]的發生,激活多條生化通路,快速產生大量氧化應激產物,導致腦水腫和繼發性腦損傷[5]。隨著神經元對小膠質細胞的抑制功能增強[6-7],受損腦組織進一步失活甚至死亡,同時大量的致損因子進入缺血半暗帶,致梗死核心區不斷擴大[8],引起疾病迅速進展,甚至危及生命。目前如何早期適度控制全身及局部免疫反應是MCI病人治療的熱點及難點,而腦卒中后免疫細胞活化與作用途徑等都有可能成為免疫干預的靶點,本研究擬對MCI免疫反應以及血清-神經系統的相互作用進行綜述。
1 MCI早期炎癥損害機制
血栓形成、栓塞或低灌注等導致腦組織血供驟減,梗死核心區神經元穩態因能量供應不足而失衡,迅速出現包括氧化應激、酸毒性、離子失衡、梗死周圍去極化等在內的導致細胞死亡的病理生理過程,而缺血半暗帶中的神經元則因側支循環代償僅處于失活狀態,短期內實現血流再通能夠有效挽救失活的神經元[9];然而隨著發病時間的延長,梗死核心區釋放多種氧自由基、興奮性氨基酸、促炎介質、細胞毒性因子等,激活局部腦組織級聯免疫及炎癥反應,并持續作用數天至數周,加速腦組織損傷及神經功能缺損癥狀[10]。在再灌注治療背景下,中性粒細胞與小膠質細胞協同參與加速血管再通后血栓形成過程,而淋巴細胞在實現再灌注后對腦組織損傷或修復作用尚不明確[11]。一些短暫性腦缺血動物模型顯示在實現腦血流重建后,T、B淋巴細胞參與早期再灌注損傷,另一些模型顯示B淋巴細胞具有保護作用[12-13]。雖然有報道稱血管內治療(endovascular treatment,EVT)與短暫性腦缺血實驗模型有一些相似之處,但仍需進一步研究以提高對再灌注治療后免疫反應的理解。
2 與MCI預后相關的血液炎性指標
MCI可誘導白細胞增多,并且已被證明與腦卒中后死亡率增加、功能預后不佳、早發性腦卒中后譫妄和延長住院時間有關[14-15];白細胞可分為中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、單核細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞和嗜堿性粒細胞[16]。多項臨床研究表明,單核細胞計數與急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)后腦損傷的嚴重程度、梗死體積、不良功能預后呈正相關,可作為病人臨床預后不良的獨立預測因子[17-19]。本研究將逐一闡述其他與MCI預后相關的白細胞亞型。
2.1 中性粒細胞與MCI預后的相關性
中性粒細胞在腦卒中發生后1 h內進入并引起血腦屏障和腦組織損傷,2 d或3 d達到峰值,持續存在約14 d[20]。Buck等[21]對24 h內發作的缺血性腦卒中病人進行評估后發現,在發病早期由擴散加權磁共振成像(MRI-DWI)測量的梗死體積與早期白細胞(U=0.371,P<0.001)、中性粒細胞(U=0.415,P<0.001)呈正相關,與淋巴細胞無顯著相關性。相關實驗表明,抑制中性粒細胞浸潤或阻斷其促炎功能可以減少梗死體積,改善神經功能預后[22-23];中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比率(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是一種全身炎癥生物標志物,與AIS病人預后較差有關,能用于評估心血管疾病、周圍血管疾病和癌癥病人的全身炎癥狀態[24-26]。有研究發現,NLR評估腦卒中嚴重程度、長期神經功能恢復程度以及腦梗死復發相關性的敏感度為72.0%,特異度為70.9%;較高的NLR還與腦卒中后短期死亡率、癥狀性顱內出血等并發癥有關[25-26]。有研究發現,相較于傳統白細胞預測AIS住院死亡的作用,NLR值特異度及敏感度更高[27-28]。因此,可以將NLR作為評估MCI病人病情進展及不良預后結局的指標進一步研究。
2.2 淋巴細胞與MCI預后的相關性
與中性粒細胞相反,研究發現,缺血性腦卒中發生后數小時內血液中的淋巴細胞計數呈指數下降[24],較低的淋巴細胞計數是預測嚴重腦損傷的標志,此外,可作為遠期神經功能預后不良以及腦卒中相關感染的指標[29]。Berchtold等[6]研究報道,B淋巴細胞通過產生抗炎細胞因子減輕腦卒中后的炎癥,改善腦卒中嚴重程度,但血清中長期存在的高水平B淋巴細胞相關抗體導致神經功能長期損害和不良預后,如腦卒中后認知障礙。T淋巴細胞既能通過釋放促炎細胞因子增強腦組織損傷[30],又可以促進壞死組織清除[31],還在腦卒中誘導的免疫抑制綜合征(stroke-induced immunode-pression syndrome,SIDS)中發揮重要作用[32-33]。值得注意的是,這些細胞并不是獨立運作的,小膠質細胞和星形膠質細胞具有雙向通信功能,小膠質細胞能影響星形膠質細胞表型,而星形膠質細胞在缺血性腦損傷后大腦重塑過程中對小膠質細胞的吞噬活動具有調節作用[34]。隨著外周炎性細胞的大量募集,在特異性T細胞反應的初始誘導下,星形膠質細胞釋放促炎因子參與瘢痕組織的形成過程,保護受損腦組織[7]。小膠質細胞可以產生抗炎細胞因子,如腦源性神經營養因子、白細胞介素-4(IL-4)和轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)等,加強吞噬中性粒細胞的功能,從而減輕腦組織損傷,但其潛在機制尚不清楚。
2.3 嗜酸性粒細胞與MCI預后評估
AIS易出現全身應激反應,刺激糖皮質激素和腎上腺素的釋放,通過誘導細胞凋亡導致嗜酸性粒細胞減少[35]。有研究發現嗜酸性粒細胞脫顆粒引起細胞毒性蛋白介導的血栓形成和內皮損傷,促進梗死體積的進一步擴大[36];另外,急性冠脈綜合征病人血栓中嗜酸性粒細胞計數較血清中高[33-35],這表明嗜酸性粒細胞能夠促進血栓的形成和生長;通過對比急性心肌梗死與急性腦梗死病人血栓成分,發現嗜酸性粒細胞計數在腦梗死病人血栓中更多[36]。通過嗜酸性粒細胞計數預測梗死體積、感染率和不良預后[37-38]仍需更多臨床證據,但MCI病人急性應激反應更重,目前缺少相關研究揭示嗜酸性粒細胞與MCI病情嚴重程度及預后之間的關系,需要臨床醫生不斷探索。
3 與血管再通治療預后相關的炎性指標
EVT被廣泛應用于治療急性大血管閉塞性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion,AIS-LVO)病人,但其術后可能出現出血性轉化、血管再閉塞及遠端栓塞等并發癥,在一定程度上限制了其發展和使用。多項證據表明,中性粒細胞在血管內皮細胞損傷后被早期激活,同時血小板的過度活化和聚集引起血栓形成,導致血管急性閉塞,加速缺血后損傷,進一步促進基質蛋白酶的不斷生成,破壞血腦屏障穩態,并產生氧化應激產物[39-40];這一病理機制可能解釋了EVT后高NLR和血小板與淋巴細胞比率(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)與再灌注率和梗死體積之間的潛在關聯。Brooks等[41]發現,NLR為5.9可預測EVT后90 d AIS病人的不良預后;Lee等[42]研究提示較高的NLR和PLR可能提高再灌注不成功概率,同時與較大的梗死體積存在相關性,其閾值分別為6.2和103.6;Pektezel等[43]研究指出再灌注治療24 h后,NLR升高能提示較高的不良預后及出血風險。隨著對急性前循環閉塞缺血性腦卒中EVT的不斷深入研究,尋找更多便于評估其預后的相關指標并量化其相關性,提高獲益,改善病人預后,減輕家庭和社會負擔,需要進一步探索。
4 炎性指標與無效再通的評估
無效再通仍然是EVT的重大挑戰。AIS急性期在炎癥反應介導下內皮細胞激活,導致微循環堵塞,影響實際毛細血管水平的組織再灌注。因此,盡管實現大血管再通,仍會影響缺血半暗帶的生存能力[44-45]。實驗表明,內皮細胞-白細胞-血小板相互作用可以在短期內影響再通手術的結果,缺氧腦區的血流再通增加了血小板的促炎功能,并激活復雜的血栓炎癥通路,從而導致缺血-再灌注損傷,同時T細胞與血小板相互作用,促進神經功能惡化和梗死面積的增加[46]。接受EVT并成功實現再通的缺血性腦卒中病人入院時全身炎癥反應指數(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)較高,并且SIRI高于3.8×109/L的病人3個月不良預后的可能性增加了近2倍[47-48];Peng等[49]研究顯示平均血小板體積(mean platelet volume,MPV)升高與降低血管再通成功率、神經功能改善率獨立相關,因此,MPV可作為預測EVT預后不良的指標。Xie等[50]研究發現MPV和血小板分布寬度(platelet distribution width,PDW)升高與AIS病人接受靜脈溶栓的不良臨床結果獨立相關。Gao等[51]發現較低的PDW水平更可能與AIS病人靜脈溶栓后3個月不良預后相關,PDW升高可能反映了新血栓的形成,而較低的PDW則表明之前有血栓形成。無效再通的機制可能與腦缺血再灌注損傷有關,涉及自由基產生、炎性反應、鈣超載等相互作用[44]。進一步了解無效再灌注的炎癥機制有助于確定新的治療靶點,并改善病人預后。
5 小結與展望
神經炎癥是腦卒中急性期和慢性期病理機制的重要組成部分。常駐免疫細胞的激活以及外周白細胞的浸潤影響急性炎癥的消退、組織修復重組以及運動和認知功能。通過大量的實驗和臨床研究,目前對腦缺血和創傷性腦損傷的病理生理機制認識有了很大的提高,在實驗性腦缺血和短暫性腦缺血模型中描述了興奮性毒性、氧化和亞硝化應激、梗死周圍去極化、炎癥和凋亡等復雜途徑。盡管在實驗研究中取得了令人印象深刻的結果,仍應該進一步研究調查MCI病人血清炎性指標升高是否有助于確定適合免疫調節治療的病人。
綜上所述,免疫細胞的功能在腦卒中后不同階段的免疫反應過程中會發生變化。為了確定合適的治療策略,阻斷有害影響,增強免疫細胞的保護和促進再生功能,進一步認識腦卒中后不同細胞群的詳細分子表征及其時空相互作用,并轉化至臨床應用,仍然是今后需要研究的重要課題。
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(收稿日期:2023-02-22)
(本文編輯 王麗)