Research progress on patient?reported outcome measures for patients with neck and shoulder dysfunction after cervical lymph node dissection
Keywords"" "neck lymphatic dissection; neck and shoulder function; patient?reported outcome; evaluation tools; review
摘要" 對國內外頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能障礙患者報告結局測量工具進行綜述,旨在為我國臨床護理人員選擇和開發頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能障礙患者報告結局測量工具提供參考。
關鍵詞" 頸淋巴清掃術;頸肩功能;患者報告結局;評估工具;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.17.016
頭頸腫瘤(head and neck cancer,HNC)是全球范圍內的第七大惡性腫瘤[1],嚴重威脅居民健康和生命[2],其治療的核心方法是頸淋巴結清掃(neck dissection,ND),旨在治療或預防頭頸腫瘤病人頸淋巴結轉移[3]。病人頸淋巴結清掃術后多發頸部或肩部疼痛、活動度降低、力量減弱、僵硬及頸部感覺喪失等頸肩功能障礙[4?9],嚴重影響日常生活能力和生活質量。由于這種負面影響顯著而持久,部分頭頸腫瘤病人即使治愈,頸肩功能障礙仍然存在,臨床實踐中以頸肩功能情況作為康復終點被認為是片面的[10],患者報告結局(patient?reported outcomes,PROs)成為重要的臨床終點指標[11]。現對國內外頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能障礙患者報告結局測量工具(patient?reported outcome measures,PROMs)進行綜述,以期為完善我國頸淋巴結術后病人臨床結局評估并構建適合我國頭頸腫瘤病人的PROMs提供參考。
1" PROMs概述
PROs指沒有醫護人員的解釋,病人使用PROMs從自身角度評估疾病和(或)治療對其癥狀、功能和健康相關生活質量的影響[12],PROMs測量可以及時發現并了解病人健康困擾,對提高病人生活質量具有重要意義[13?14]。PROMs可以篩查病人術后是否存在頸肩功能障礙及其對生活質量的影響,是康復鍛煉方案制定及效果評價的基礎。
2" 常用的PROMs
盡管評估工具中有許多針對特定疾病的PROMs,但是針對頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能障礙的PROMs較少,根據評估工具主要針對的疾病部位可以分為以下3類。
2.1 針對肩部功能評估的PROMs
2.1.1 肩關節功能評價量表(Constant?Murley Score,CMS)
1987年,Constant等[15]編制了針對肩關節手術治療效果評估的CMS量表,用于頸肩疾病及頸淋巴結清掃術術后肩功能測定,顯示出較好的心理測量特性[16?17]。量表總分100分,包括主觀評估和客觀評估2部分,其中疼痛(15分)和日常生活活動(20分)由病人主觀評價,關節活動度(40分)和肌力(25分)由醫生使用關節活動度(ROM)測量尺及徒手客觀測量。目前,該量表已被翻譯為土耳其語、丹麥語等版本[18?20],Yao等[21]將該量表漢化,內部一致性Cronbach′s α系數為0.739,重測信度為0.827,與視覺模擬量表評分(VAS)的相關系數為0.97,與健康調查簡表(SF?36)的相關系數為0.135,已有研究將該量表應用于頸淋巴結清掃術后病人肩功能的評估[22?24]。該量表突出的優點是采用主觀和客觀相結合的方法評估肩功能,評估結果準確性高,但存在耗時長、需要專業人員和儀器測量等問題,從而限制了其在臨床和研究中的使用人群和場所。
2.1.2 肩關節疼痛和功能障礙指數問卷(Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,SPADI)
1991年,Roach等[25]編制了與肩部病理相關的疼痛及功能障礙評估量表SPADI,有研究證實該量表在頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能的評估中具有良好的心理測量特性[26]。量表由13個條目組成,分為疼痛(5個條目)和功能障礙(8個條目)2個維度,功能障礙項目包括一些日常活動,例如洗頭、穿衣和拿取物品等。使用VAS對每個條目進行評分。每個維度分數轉換為100分,分數越高表示疼痛和肩功能障礙越嚴重。完成SPADI評估大約需要7 min。目前,該量表已被翻譯為希臘語、西班牙語、丹麥等版本[27?32],Yao等[33?34]將SPADI漢化,其2個維度的平均內部一致性分別為0.89,0.91,重測信度分別為0.91,0.87;與VAS的相關系數分別為0.40,0.85,與SF?36的相關系數分別為0.36,0.61,Yao等[33?34]的研究還驗證了SPADI與CMS的相關系數為0.69,量表信效度較好。該量表適用于任何病因引起的肩部疼痛及功能障礙病人的評估,易于理解、評分簡單,但是量表更關注疼痛及疼痛對活動受限的影響,2個維度的相關性強,造成重復評價。由于肩痛只是頸淋巴結清掃術后并發癥之一,且疼痛變化與是否保留脊髓副神經有很大關系,所以頸淋巴結清掃術后采用SPADI評估病人頸肩功能情況不夠全面。
2.1.3 肩部殘疾問卷(Shoulder Disability Questionnaire,SDQ)
該量表于1994年開發,1998年修訂[35],2000年再次修訂[36],主要用于肩部軟組織疾病相關疼痛及功能障礙的自我評估,有研究將該量表用于頸淋巴結清掃術后相關肩功能障礙的評估[37],且被證實具有較好的心理測量特性[26]。量表包含16個條目,與上肢活動疼痛相關的條目13個,涉及睡眠、需要揉肩及肩痛引發煩躁的條目3個。評分以“是”“否”或“不適用”回答,對應為1、0分及不計分,最后得分為總分/適用項目的總數×100,分數越高表示殘疾程度越高。完成SDQ評估需要的時間很短(lt;5 min),量表內部一致性Cronbach′s α系數為0.76~0.91,與SPADI的相關系數為0.78[26, 38]。目前,該量表已被翻譯為韓語版本[39],國內尚未檢索到漢化版本。SDQ主要反映涉及《國際功能、殘疾和健康分類》(ICF) 領域的功能,能夠區分自評臨床穩定和改善的受試者及初級衛生保健人群肩部不適的差異,且與SPADI類似,該工具主要關注疼痛以及疼痛對活動受限的影響,而不是活動受限本身。
2.1.4 簡易肩部測試(Simple Shoulder Test,SST)
該量表用于已診斷為肩部疾病病人的肩部功能改善情況及病情嚴重程度評估[40]。量表包含12個條目,由主觀條目和實際活動兩部分組成,以“是”“否”回答,“是”計1分,“否”計0分,最高分為12分,分數轉換為滿分100分。完成SST評估大約需要3 min。量表內部一致性Cronbach′s α系數為0.85,組內相關系數(ICC)為0.97,0.99[38]。SST與SPADI和手臂、肩膀和手部殘疾問卷(The Disability of Arm,Shoulder and Hand,DASH)的相關系數均高于0.70[41],尚未檢索到其應用于頭頸腫瘤病人中相關的心理測量特性數據。目前,該量表已被翻譯為荷蘭語、西班牙、阿拉伯語等版本[42?46],尚未檢索到漢化版本。Kirkley等[40]認為,量表測量結果為二分類變量,不能準確反映結果變化,亦不能區分病人頸肩功能障礙的嚴重程度。
2.2 針對上肢功能評估的PROMs
2.2.1 DASH
1996年,Hudak等[47]編制了針對上肢任何關節、不同原因出現的癥狀及功能的評估量表,有研究證實DASH是評估頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術前和術后肩功能的有效工具[48],Goldstein等[49]的研究表明該量表與SPADI相關系數超過0.70,且能夠區分手術是否有神經損傷以及神經損傷后恢復和未恢復的病人。量表包含30個條目,其中6個條目評估癥狀(3個條目評估疼痛、1個條目評估刺痛/麻木、1個條目評估虛弱、1個條目評估僵硬),24個條目評估功能(21個條目評估身體功能、3個條目評估社交/角色功能)。采用Likert 5級評分法,1分表示沒有困難,5分表示非常困難,最終得分轉換為100分,得分越低表示肩功能越好。完成DASH評估大約需要13 min。目前,該量表已被翻譯為菲律賓語、荷蘭語、法語等版本[50?56]。漢化版有繁體中文版本[57?58]和簡體中文版本[59],簡體中文版量表的組內相關系數、Cronbach′s α系數分別為0.94,0.96,國內尚未檢索到該量表用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后病人的相關研究。DASH能夠區分手術是否損傷神經以及神經損傷是否恢復,但是該量表測量的是上臂整個區域情況,包括手臂、肩和手,而不是針對特定肩部的量表,因此它比大多數量表包含的條目多,除了條目針對性差、影響病人作答體驗外,還需要花費較多時間完成填寫。
2.2.2 ASES
該量表是評估與病人上肢相關的疼痛和功能的一種通用工具[60?61],于1994年獲得ASES研究委員會批準。量表包含11個條目,分為疼痛(1個條目)和功能(10個條目)2個維度,10個功能條目關于特定的日常生活活動、1個關于工作的問題及1個關于娛樂的問題。疼痛評分使用VAS,0分為沒有疼痛,10分為非常疼痛;功能評分按照0分(無法做到)到3分(沒有困難就可以做到)進行評分,總分根據疼痛和功能維度的權重進行計算,分數越高表示疼痛和功能障礙程度越低。完成ASES評估大約需要4 min。量表內部一致性Cronbach′s α系數為0.61~0.96[38],ASES的ICC為0.84~0.96[38, 62],與CMS、SST、SPADI和DASH的相關系數均高于0.70,證明了量表結構的有效性,尚未檢索到其應用于頭頸腫瘤病人中相關的心理測量特性數據。目前,該量表已被翻譯為德語、希臘語、西班牙語等多種版本[63?70],2021年國內學者將該量表漢化[71],未檢索到該量表用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后病人的相關研究。ASES評估病人肩部和肘部困難,因此與頸部清掃無關的肘部問題病人無法作答或作答困難。
2.3 針對頸肩功能及生活質量評估的PROMs
2002年,Taylor等[72]編制了針對頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能相關生活質量的特異性自我報告量表頸淋巴結清掃損傷指數量表(Neck Dissection Injury Index,NDII),共10個條目,評估病人頸淋巴結清掃術后是否出現頸部和肩部的疼痛和僵硬、是否影響病人自理、參與社會活動、工作或娛樂活動能力,采用Likert 5級評分法,每個問題評分從1分(非常多)到5分(完全沒有),得分最終轉化為100分,分數越高表示生活質量越好。完成評估大約需要5 min。量表重測相關系數為0.91(Plt;0.001),內部一致性Cronbach′s α系數為0.95,重測信度為0.94,信效度較好。目前,該量表已在國外廣泛應用,被翻譯成丹麥語[73]、意大利語[74],均具有較好的信效度,國內尚未檢索到漢化版本。Goldstein等[37]對頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能障礙7份評估問卷進行回顧,認為NDII是唯一專門針對手術治療的頭頸腫瘤病人開發和驗證的量表,能夠區分擇區性頸清掃術(SND)和改良頸清掃術(MRND)之間不同程度的頸肩功能損傷。除此之外,與上述肩功能及上肢功能評估量表相比,NDII評估內容更全面,不僅關注頸淋巴結清掃術后病人頸肩總體不適,而且包括病人總體活動水平及社會參與領域相關項目(例如工作以及參與社交和娛樂活動的能力)的評估。
3" 國外PROMs研究現狀
國外針對頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能評估的PROMs較多,根據評估部位不同,分為針對肩部功能、上肢功能、頸肩功能及生活質量評估3類。使用評估肩部功能的PROMs,病人可以報告出現的肩部相關癥狀及影響,如疼痛、活動障礙等,通過SDQ病人還可以報告與肩部功能障礙相關的睡眠、是否需要揉肩及疼痛引發的煩躁等問題,可以較好地反映病人術后肩部問題及影響,但是此類問卷只關注了頸淋巴結清掃術后病人出現的肩部癥狀,對于頸淋巴結清掃術后常出現的頸部癥狀沒有評估,評估內容欠全面是此類問卷主要的問題。使用評估上肢功能的PROMs,病人可以報告與上肢功能障礙的相關問題及影響,包括手、手臂、肘部及肩部等部位,但是由于涉及部位多,條目的針對性較差或有些問題作答困難。NDII是針對頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能及生活質量的PROMs,病人使用該工具可以報告術后出現的頸肩問題及生活質量影響,評估內容全面、針對性好,是針對頸淋巴結清掃手術的特異性PROMs。
對應用于頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙評估的PROMs進行回顧,發現CMS、SPADI、SDQ、DASH、NDII均顯示出較好的心理測量特性,未檢索到SST、ASES在頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙病人中應用的心理測量特性數據,因此后2個工具在此類病人中的應用效果需進一步證實。
4" 我國PROMs研究現狀
用于頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙評估的PROMs中,CMS、SPADI、DASH及ASES國內已有漢化版本,用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后的PROMs僅有CMS和SPADI,這2個量表都是針對肩部功能的評估,由于頸淋巴結清掃術后病人除了肩部功能障礙外,頸部也會出現僵硬、疼痛、活動及力量減弱等不適,因此只關注肩部功能的PROMs評估內容較為局限,不能全面反映此類病人術后可能出現的問題及影響。除此之外,作為在國內應用的頸淋巴結清掃術后肩部功能評估PROMs,2個量表也分別存在一定不足:CMS包括客觀和主觀評估兩部分,作為PROMs的主觀內容較為簡單,只有疼痛和日常生活活動內容,無法全面評估病人肩功能障礙的主觀感受及影響,量表評估結果主要依賴于客觀評估;SPADI更關注病人術后肩功能疼痛及疼痛對病人影響,但是疼痛只是頸淋巴結清掃術后病人肩功能障礙并發癥之一,評估內容不夠全面。
5" 小結
目前,國內尚缺乏針對頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結清掃術后頸肩功能的特異性PROMs,通過對應用于國內外頸肩功能障礙評估的PROMs進行回顧,發現NDII是唯一專門針對手術治療的頭頸腫瘤病人開發的工具,可評估病人術后頸部和肩部可能出現的問題及對生活質量的影響,具有良好心理測量屬性,國內尚未檢索到NDII漢化版本。因此,臨床護理人員未來可將其漢化,做好經濟、文化等的跨文化調試,促進我國頭頸腫瘤病人術后標準化、精準化、個性化管理,為后續相關描述性及干預性研究提供評估標準。
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