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黃肉油桃新品種中農珍珠4號的選育

2025-09-05 00:00:00王瑩瑩劉立常劉志伍楊興旺王孝娣
果樹學報 2025年8期

中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)08-1912-04

Abstract: Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 is a mid-season yellow-fleshed nectarine cultivar that was developed through artificial hybridization between Zhongnong Zhenzhu and Zhongyou 16 in 2013 at the experimental field of Juxian Institute of Peach.A total of 105 hybrid seeds were produced from this cross. Initial selection took place in 2016, focusing on its excellent eating quality,appealing appearance,and high yield potential.Following comprehensive regional adaptability trialsconducted in Rizhao and Linyi from 2018 to 2022, the cultivar was officially selected in 2022.It was registered and certified as a new plant variety from the Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Affairs in the same year, designated as Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 with the variety code GPD peach (2022) 210037. The tree demonstrates moderate growth vigor and an open canopy,and is highly productive and consistently yielding, producing fruit that are flavorful,yelow-fleshed.Young branches exhibit a reddish-brown hue on the sunlit side and greenon the shaded side,with an average internode length of 1.7cm and double-flowered buds. The leaves are elliptical lanceolate, 11.5cm in length and 3.9cm in width, featuring circular serrations along the edges.The flowers are pink,self-pollinating,with glabrous ovary walls and equal-height stamens and pistils.The fruit is ovate,characterized by a yellow skin and a deep-red surface, with over 90% of the fruit's exterior covered in dep red. The suture line is moderately pronounced,and the two halves are relatively symmetrical.The flesh is yellow with red pigmentation surrounding the stone, with an average fruit weight of 76g and a maximum weight of 96g ,At harvest, the flesh firmness of the mature fruitreaches 9.3kg?cm-2 .Thesoluble solid content (SSC) ranges from 14.0% to 16.0% ,while thetotal acid contentvaries between 0.25% and 0.30% .The stone is easily separated,and the flesh issweet.In Rizhao,bud break occurs in late March and lasts for 3-5 days. Fruit matures in mid-August, approximately 130 days post-bloom,and a harvesting period extends over 5 days.The fruit has a good storage performance, with a shelf life up to 5 days. The defoliation period occurs in late November, resulting in a total growth period of around 260 days. In comparison to its parent variety, Zhongnong Zhenzhu, the new cultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 matures approximately 10 days later and produces larger fruit. It begins fruiting in the second year following spring planting and achieves higher production levels by the fourth year. The cultivar exhibits stable yields and is well-suited for cultivation in Shandong Province and neighboring peach-growing regions.A Y-shaped training system is recommended for implementation in flat areas,with a spacing of (1.5-2.0)m×(4-5)m All types of fruit-bearing branches can yield fruit, with medium and long fruit branches being predominant. Natural fruit set rates reach 70.3% without the presence of pollinizer trees, with yields potentially reaching up to 2500kg per 666.7m2 However, fruit thinning is crucial to maintain commercial quality and tree vigor, with a recommended spacing of 10cm between fruits on the same side.To ensure optimal eating and commercial quality,yields should be controlled to below 1500kg per 666.7m2

Keywords:Nectarine;New cultivar;Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4; Yellow-flesh

桃是多年生落葉果樹,原產于中國,迄今已有4000多年的栽培歷史,是中國最重要的果樹之一。目前中國鮮食桃仍以白肉桃為主,而黃肉桃維生素C含量高,富含膳食纖維,越來越受到消費者的喜愛。近些年來,一些黃肉桃漸漸開始出現在大眾視野中,如中國農業科學院鄭州果樹研究所培育的黃金蜜桃系列[-3]、中桃黃金蜜系列[,河南農業大學培育的豫金蜜系列等品種均為普通桃。針對消費者和市場的需求,與營縣桃樹研究所聯合攻關,旨在培育鮮食黃肉油桃新品種。

1選育過程

2013年以中農珍珠為母本,中油16號為父本,進行雜交,8月上旬采收雜交種,去除果肉,將桃核洗凈晾干,放在通風的倉庫保存。11月下旬按照種子、沙子體積比為1:5的比例和成泥,堆放在背陰處層積。種子萌發后播種于山東省營縣桃樹研究所桃育種圃內,南北行向定植,株行距 1m×3m,Y 形整形,常規管理。2016年篩選出一個中熟黃肉油桃優株,代號為2013-631。2018年在、臨沂等地試種,經多年觀察,2013-631具備穩產、豐產、品質優、果實艷麗、商品率高的優點,受到種植戶的歡迎。2021年定名為中農珍珠4號(圖1、圖2),2022年通過農業農村部非主要農作物品種登記,證書編號為GPD桃(2022)210037。

圖1中農珍珠4號結果狀 Fig.1Fruiting of Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4

圖2黃肉油桃新品種中農珍珠4號

Fig.2 Anew yellow-fleshnectarinecultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4

自花結實,長、中、短結果枝均可結果。幼齡樹以長、中結果枝為主,盛果期樹以長、中、短結果枝為主,老齡樹以長、中結果枝和徒長結果枝為主。春季定植,第2年即可見果,第4年可進入盛果期,建議每666.7m2 產量 1500kg(111 株 ?666.7m-2. 。

2.4 物候期

中農珍珠4號在、臨沂等地花期為3月下旬。兩次生理落果期分別為4月下旬和5月下旬,果實發育期 130d 左右,11月初開始落葉,全年生育期230d左右。

2.5 抗逆性及栽培適應性

中農珍珠4號為中熟品種,8月中旬成熟,主要蟲害有卷葉蛾、潛葉蛾、梨小食心蟲等。多年多點區域試驗表明,中農珍珠4號在山東省適應性良好,較耐貧瘠,在肥力中等的丘陵、山地均可種植。

2 主要性狀

2.1植物學特征

中農珍珠4號樹勢中庸,樹姿較開張。一年生新梢綠色,陽面紫紅色,平均節間長度 1.7cm ,復花芽多,花芽起始節位為第二節。花薔薇型、粉色,花瓣5片,花藥橘紅色。葉片長披針橢圓形,葉緣鋸齒圓形,葉基角度近直角,葉尖角度中,葉柄蜜腺腎形。

2.2 果實經濟性狀

中農珍珠4號中熟,成熟期比中農珍珠晚10d左右。平均單果質量 76.2g ,果實卵圓形,果個中等不對稱,果皮底色深黃、著深紅色,果皮光滑無毛。果肉黃色,近核處紅,離核。可溶性固形物含量 Ξ(w 后同) 14.2% ,可滴定酸含量 0.28% ,鮮食品質佳,在示范基地有較好反響(表1)。

2.3生長結果習性

中農珍珠4號易成花,樹勢中庸,枝條半開張,

3 栽培技術要點

3.1 定植建園

采用株行距為 (1.5~2.0)m×4m 的二主枝對向開心形(對向Y形),定植溝種植,原土與有機肥混勻后回填,澆透水,再挖小穴定植。定植后距地面 50~ 60cm 定干,澆透水并覆地膜。

3.2 整形修剪

中農珍珠4號結果力強,樹形以二主枝開心形 為宜,生長季疏除過密枝和徒長枝以改善通風透光 條件,冬季以疏除為主,疏除病、弱及徒長枝,保留 長、中結果枝。

3.3土肥水管理

生長季追施2次N、P、K復合肥,促進果實膨大和著色;采收后追施1次P、K肥以促進成花;落葉前1個月施基肥 30kg ·株,以腐熟的羊糞、兔子糞為宜。硬核期保證水分充足,采收前15d不澆水。

表12020—2022年臨沂和日照中試基地中農珍珠4號果實成熟期、品質與產量

Table1Harvestingdate,fruitqualityandyieldofZhongnong Zhenzhu4atexperimentalanddemonstrationbaseinRizhao cityandLinyi cityduring 2020 to 2022

3.4 花果管理

中農珍珠4號樹勢中庸,坐果力強,根據樹勢和坐果情況合理留果,控制產量保證樹勢,推薦 5~6cm 留1個果,可不套袋。

3.5 病蟲害防治

病蟲害以預防為主,冬季及時清園,萌芽前噴施 的石硫合劑殺死蟲卵,落葉后噴施殺菌劑減少翌年穿孔病、褐腐病等病害的發生。生長季根據病蟲害發生規律及時防治,防治藥劑應選擇低毒、低殘留的生物農藥,采收前15d停止噴藥。

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