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板栗新品種栗3號的選育

2025-09-05 00:00:00張馨方范麗穎張樹航劉金雨王廣鵬
果樹學報 2025年8期

中圖分類號:S664.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)08-1925-05

Abstract: Yanli 3 is anew high-yield chestnutcultivar selected from the natural seedling chestnut trees in Jiangjunmu town, Xindu district of Xingtai city (former Xingtai county). It was selected by Changli Institute of Pomology,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences.We found the superior individual plant during the investigation of chestnut resources in 2O01. The mother tree was 6O years old and had the characteristics of high quality,high yield and good resistance to red mites.The scions from the mother tree were collcted and introduced into the variety breeding nursery of our institute for systematic evaluation on the main agronomic traits in 2Oo4.After regional adaptability testing at three sites of Hebei Province (including Kuancheng county, Xinglong county and Qianxi county) from 2008 to 2022,it was finally selected and has obtained the certificate of new plant cultivar by National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2023. The tree is high and the shape is open, mostly in a center-open state.The branch color is greyish-brown,and the size and density of lenticel is intermediate.The leaf color is deep green and leaf shape is elipse with lobate serration,and gradually acute apex.The length of catkin is about 20.62cm ,and the numbers of catkin on each biennial bearing branch is 13.4. The bur shape is ellipse and cruciform-cracked. The spine bundle length is 1.7cm , with intermediate angle and large density.Each bur contains about 2.72 nuts.The nut color is reddish-brown, with excelent luster. The side nut shape is elipse and the apex of nut is flat. The pubescence distribution of nut is around apex,and the density of pubescence is low. The stripes of nut are not obvious,and the hilum size is small.The kernel is faint yellow,and pellicle removal is easy. The nuts are suitable for frying and processing,and cooked nuts taste sweet, fragrant, and glutinous. The nut average weight is 10.86g and the rate of nut eatability is 35.45% . The water content is 46.7% ,and the soluble sugar, starch and protein content are 20.3% , 47.8% ,and 4.94% ,respectively.ThenewcultivarYanli3hashighand stableyield with a vigorous nut-bearing ability. It can bear nuts in the 2nd year,and then enter the high yield period in the 3rd or 4th year after grafting. The average production capacity is about 4030kg?hm-2 . The germination rate ofbiennial bearing branch budsis 73.8% . The biennial bearing branchesaccount for about (204號 47.1% ,and the developing branches account for 21.5% . 1-year-old branches are strong and stout, with an average length of 32.68cm ,a diameter of 0.81cm ,and an internode length of 1.36cm . The average number of bearing shoots on each biennial bearing branch is 3.48,and each biennial bearing branch has an average of 2.62 burs.Yanli 3 has good adaptabilityand is resistant to barren soil, which is suitable for planting in beaches,hilsand mountains,such as the chestnut cultivation area of Hebei Province and similar areas. According to“Descriptors and Data Standard for Chestnut”,the resistance of Yanli 3 to red mites is stronger than that of the control variety Yanshanduanzhi. The planting space between plants and rows are 4m×4m when the orchard is built. The tree shape of Yanli 3 is suitable for training natural open center system or two-layer small canopy sparse shape. Young trees can achieve early fruiting and high yield by puling down branches and carving buds,because the new branches grow vigorously. The rotational and renewal pruning technology can be used in mature trees to achieve stable yield every year.

Keywords:Chestnut;Newcultivar;Yanli 3

板栗(CastaneamollissimaBl.)原產于中國,是典型的生態經濟型樹種,廣泛分布在中國26個省(自治區、直轄市)[13],更是河北省的特色和優勢干果樹種,在山區生態建設和農民增收致富方面發揮重要作用[45]。優質、高產、抗性強是板栗品種選育工作中重要的參考指標67]。近幾年,中國科研工作者選育出了多個優異板栗新品種,如早熟品種白露香4,早實豐產品種冀栗1號,具有特異性狀的品種燕栗4號、懷奇、短花云豐-等。高產、優質、外觀亮麗的板栗在市場上具有更高的商品價值。為此,筆者單位選育出了豐產優質的板栗新品種燕栗3號(圖1),該品種豐產穩產,連年結果能力強,堅果呈紅褐色、色澤油亮、果粒飽滿均勻,且栗仁質地細糯,風味甘甜,兼具優良外觀品質和甘甜軟糯口感的特性,具有較好的推廣應用前景。

圖1板栗新品種燕栗3號

Fig.1 AnewchestnutcultivarYanli3

1選育經過

燕栗3號是通過實生選種培育出的新品種,母樹位于河北省信都區(原邢臺縣)將軍墓鎮。2001年在板栗資源調查時發現該優株,樹齡60a(年)左右,具有優質、豐產、耐瘠薄等特性。在實地對其主要經濟性狀進行了調查鑒別后,定為初選優株,命名為XT-3,此后在原地又連續調查評價2a。2004年采集其接穗引入本單位品種選育圃進行復選工作,以板栗主栽品種(燕山短枝、京暑紅)為對照,對由母株嫁接的無性系開展主要農藝性狀的系統評價。2008年開始,陸續在河北省板栗主產區寬城縣、興隆縣、遷西縣等地進行了多點區域試驗。通過SSR分子標記分析,明確燕栗3號與對照品種在分子水平上存在差異(圖2)。

圖2燕栗3號與燕山短枝、京暑紅的分子標記圖譜

1.燕栗3號;2.燕山短枝;3.京暑紅;SSR 標記引物分別為CsCAT19、CsCAT39、CsCAT41;MK.DNAMarker。 Yanli 3;2.Yanshanduanzhi;3.Jingshuhong; PrimersofSSR markerareCsCAT19,CsCAT39,CsCAT41;MK.DNAmarker

通過對其植物學特征、生長結果習性、堅果經濟性狀、豐產穩產性等方面的評價研究,證明了燕栗3號豐產穩產性強、品質優良、抗逆性強的農藝性狀表現穩定。2023年12月獲得國家林業和草原局植物新品種權證書(品種權號:20230660)。

2主要性狀

2.1 植物學特征

植株樹體生長勢強,樹姿開張;結果母枝健壯,結果枝灰褐色,平均長度 32.68cm ,皮孔扁圓形,密度中等,茸毛少;葉片深綠色,長橢圓形,葉尖急尖,葉基鈍形,葉長 14.78cm ,葉柄黃綠色,葉緣具鋸齒,鋸齒方向外向;雄花序長 20.62cm ,每結果枝平均著生13.4條雄花序,小花簇密度低;球果橢球形,刺束密度大,刺長 1.7cm ,成熟時十字裂或三裂,平均球果質量84.71g 。堅果橢球形,紅褐色,筋線不明顯,底座較小,接線呈波狀,果肉淡黃色,澀皮易剝離。

2.2生長結果習性

燕栗3號幼樹生長勢強,早實性好,嫁接后2a即可開花結果,3~4a進入豐產期;結果母枝芽萌發率 73.8% ,結果枝占比 47.1% ,發育枝占 21.5% ;1年生枝條粗壯,平均長度 32.68cm ,粗度 0.81cm ,節間長度 1.36cm ,易形成雌花,基部芽體也可抽生結果枝,翌年平均抽生結果新梢3.48條。由表1可知,燕栗3號成齡大樹的樹體高度、樹冠面積及1年生枝條的長度、粗度均大于對照品種。

表1燕栗3號與對照品種(6a)生長特性的比較

Table1Comparison of growth characteristicsbetween Yanli3 and control cultivars (6a)

2.3 堅果經濟性狀

堅果橢球形,紅褐色,色澤油亮,果面茸毛少,筋線不明顯,底座較小,接線形狀波狀,整齊度高;平均單粒質量10.86 g;果肉淡黃色,澀皮易剝離,肉質細糯,口感香甜,水分含量(w,后同)46.7%,可溶性糖含量20.3%,淀粉含量47.8%,蛋白質含量4.94%(表 2)。栗果外觀亮麗,栗仁質地細糯香甜,炒食加工均可,商品性優。

2.4豐產穩產性

燕栗3號結果母枝平均抽生結果枝3.48條,每結果枝平均著生栗苞2.62個,平均單苞內含堅果2.72粒,出實率 35.45% ,堅果單粒質量 10.86g 。豐產穩產性好,盛果期平均產量 4030kg?hm-2 ,沒有大小年現象(表3)。

表2燕栗3號與對照品種堅果品質特性的比較Table2 Comparison of nut quality characteristics between Yanli 3and controlcultivars

表3燕栗3號與對照品種豐產穩產性的比較Table3Comparison of highand stableyieldbetweenYanli3andcontrolcultivars

2.5 物候期

在河北省燕山地區,燕栗3號萌芽期4月15日,展葉期4月26日,雄花始花期6月1日,雌花始花期6月6日,果實成熟期9月18日,落葉期11月7日。

由表4可知,燕栗3號在9月中下旬成熟,成熟期比京暑紅晚24d,較燕山短枝晚 2d.

2.6適應性及抗逆性

燕栗3號適應性強,耐瘠薄,在河灘、丘陵、貧瘠山地均能栽植。參照《板栗種質資源描述規范和數據標準》,采用葉片失綠指數法比較燕栗3號與對照品種對栗紅蜘蛛的抗性[12]。由表5可知,燕栗3號對紅蜘蛛的抗性強于對照品種。在區試點連續多年的調查發現,燕栗3號在土壤貧瘠的平原沙地、片麻巖陡坡山地均能正常生長結果,不會出現早衰和大小年現象,并且連年豐產穩產。

表4燕栗3號與對照品種物候期的比較

Table 4 Comparison of phenological period between Yanli 3 and control cultivars

表5燕栗3號與對照品種對紅蜘蛛抗性的比較

Table5Comparisonof resitancetoredmitesbetween Yanli3 and control cultivars

3栽培技術要點

該品種適宜在中國北方的片麻巖山地及河灘沙地栽植,適宜栽植株行距為 4m×4m ;樹形以自然開心形最佳,授粉品種可選用燕明和燕光[13-14];幼樹嫁接第2年采用拉枝、刻芽技術能達到早果豐產的效果;成齡大樹采用輪替更新修剪技術,結果母枝留枝量為樹冠投影8~10條 ?m-2 ;春季萌芽前施入氮磷鉀復合肥,栗果采收后施入有機肥。綜合應用物理、化學、生物等方法防治板栗紅蜘蛛和桃蛀螟等主要病蟲害。

4綜合評價

燕栗3號為豐產優質板栗新品種,栗果外觀靚麗,色澤油亮,果肉細糯香甜,炒食加工均可,植株豐產穩產,適應性、抗逆性強,發展前景廣闊。可在河北省北方板栗產區及與此生態類型相似的地區種植。

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