中圖分類號(hào):S668.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)08-1935-06
Abstract: Guijiao No.10 (AAA Cavendish) is a new banana cultivar bred from a natural mutant of Brazilian banana through tissue cultureand field selection.In 2O1O,a natural mutated individual of Brazilian banana with tall and thick pseudostems,long fruit stalk, and elongated fingers was identified in a Brazilian banana plantation in Sanya. Its suckers were excavated for tissue culture propagation, designated as TX.From 2011 to 2015,after repeated selection of healthy plants with tall pseudostems,long ear stems and fingers for bud suction, tissue culture and propagation, and field planting,the stable and excellent strain TX-23 was finally obtained. From 2016 to 2019,after multiple comparative planting experiments,the strain maintained stable biological characteristics.In 2O19,the strain was named Guijiao No.10. In November 2022, Guijiao No.10 obtained the national plant variety rights (CNA20201007736). The average pseudostem height of Guijiao No. 10 was 284.56cm . and the average pseudostem base and middle circumferences were 71.94cm and 52.53cm ,respectively. The pseudostems were tall and sturdy,with a yellowish-green bottm color. The leaves spread out openly, the male flower buds were oval in shape.The fruit bunch were cylindrical in shape.The fruit hands are neatly arranged.The fruit bunch length was about 84.40cm , width was about 37.00cm . The peduncle length was about 79.75cm peduncle girth was about 18.70cm . The average fruit length was 24.17cm , with an average width of 3.51cm . The immature fruit peel colour was medium green ,while the mature fruit peel colour was yellow,and the pulp colour at maturity was yellowish-white. The average finger mass is 149.75g .In conventional cultivation conditions,the average yield per plant of the newly planted first-generation banana was 24.84kg , with an average yield of 49 355.32kg?hm-2 ,representing a 10.52% increase compared to the parental Brazilian banana. The average yield per plant of the ratoon crop was 27.40kg ,with an average yield of 54424.29kg?hm-2 ,showing an 8.23% increase over the parental Brazilian banana.The sucrose content of the fruit was about 6.20g?100g-1 ,soluble sugar content is 20.87% ,titratable acid content is 0.19g?100g-1 , starch content is 3.90g?100g-1 , vitamin C content is 12.50mg?100g-1 , potassium content is 364mg?100g-1 and soluble solids content is 22.00% .The growth period of newly planted banana Guijiao No.10 is 355-385 days.The growth period of perennial banana is 350-375 days.Both pot and field experiments for Fusarium wilt resistance evaluated that while the tested Brazilian Banana exhibited a highly susceptible resistance level, the Guijiao No.10 variety demonstrated a susceptible resistance level. Successfully planted in the main banana producing areas of Guangxi, such as Nanning, Yulin,Chongzuo,Beihai,and Baise,suitable for planting in tropical and subtropical regions such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Yunnan in China.Avoiding areas that are susceptible to cold damage as much as possble.Select suitable banana plantations with a planting density of 120-140 plants per 666.7m2 being optimal. In areaswith sufficient light, temperature,and favorable water and fertilizer conditions, the planting density can be increased to 16O-18O plants per 666.7m2 .Guangxi and Yunnan adopt autumn and winter planting and spring planting modes,and it is advisable to use double film covering (plastic film and sky film) for winter planting in autumn and winter; Hainan, Guangdong and other places should choose to plant from May to July.Before planting,organic fertilizer should be mainly applied.After planting banana seedlings,they should be watered thoroughly and thoroughly with root water in a timely manner. Balanced application of chemical fertilizers, mainly using buried compound fertilizers and potassium fertilizers, supplemented by drip or spray water-soluble compound fertilizers. In the middle and later stages,appropriate amounts of medium and trace element fertilizers should be applied in combination,and bio-organic fertilizers should also be applied.Manage the fruit clusters well. Strengthen the prevention and control of banana wilt disease,root knot nematode,leaf sheath rot disease,leaf spot disease,and black spot disease,and prevent and control elephant beetles,aphids, red spider mites,striped armyworms,leaf jumping beetles,leaf rollers,flower thrips,etc.throughout the entire growth period.
Keywords:Banana;New cultivar; Guijiao No.1O;High yield
香蕉是世界上鮮果中產(chǎn)量、貿(mào)易量和貿(mào)易額最大的水果。作為關(guān)鍵的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物和糧食作物,其對(duì)緩解全球饑荒、促進(jìn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展具有不可替代的作用[2。我國(guó)是世界第二大香蕉生產(chǎn)國(guó)和消費(fèi)國(guó),我國(guó)香蕉種植區(qū)域主要分布在廣東、廣西、云南、海南、福建和臺(tái)灣等南方地區(qū)。廣西作為我國(guó)第二大香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū),具有自然條件適宜、區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯、規(guī)模化程度高等發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)。隨著人口的增長(zhǎng)和消費(fèi)水平的提高,市場(chǎng)對(duì)香蕉的需求持續(xù)攀升,培育并推廣高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)香蕉品種已成為滿足市場(chǎng)需求、增強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵舉措。
為了適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求、提高農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院等科研機(jī)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)期致力于香蕉新品種的選育工作[3。經(jīng)多年攻關(guān),成功培育出具有高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)的香蕉新品種——桂蕉10號(hào)。該品種在傳承傳統(tǒng)香蕉優(yōu)良特性的同時(shí),在產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)方面有了顯著提升,為香蕉產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展注入了新的活力。
1選育經(jīng)過
桂蕉10號(hào)是廣西壯族自治區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所選育的優(yōu)異香蕉品種。2010年在海南省三亞市鳳凰鎮(zhèn)巴西蕉園內(nèi)鑒定到一株假莖高大粗壯、果穗柄較長(zhǎng)、果指較長(zhǎng)的巴西蕉芽變單株,挖取其吸芽進(jìn)行組培擴(kuò)繁,編號(hào)TX。2011年利用經(jīng)組培擴(kuò)繁得到的TX營(yíng)養(yǎng)杯苗進(jìn)行苗期室內(nèi)香蕉枯萎病抗性評(píng)價(jià),其病情指數(shù)明顯低于對(duì)照品種巴西蕉。2012年在武鳴區(qū)寧武鎮(zhèn)培桂基地枯萎病重病區(qū)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)種植,從未感病植株中篩選出一株果指和果穗柄較長(zhǎng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀較好的植株,挖取其吸芽再次進(jìn)行組培擴(kuò)繁。2013一2015年期間,以假莖高大、果穗柄和果指較長(zhǎng)為自標(biāo)性狀,通過反復(fù)篩選一組培擴(kuò)繁-大田種植優(yōu)選的方式,最終獲得性狀穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)良株系TX-23。自2016年開始分別在南寧市、百色市、欽州市、玉林市等香蕉主產(chǎn)區(qū)進(jìn)行種植比較試驗(yàn),該株系都保持穩(wěn)定的生物學(xué)特性,具有植株高大粗壯、果指長(zhǎng)、單株產(chǎn)量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。2019年將該株系定名為桂蕉10號(hào)(圖1)。2022年11月桂蕉10號(hào)獲得國(guó)家植物新品種權(quán)證書(CNA20201007736)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
表1所示,與親本巴西蕉相比,桂蕉10號(hào)新植蕉植株假莖高大粗壯,平均高度為 284.56cm ,比巴西蕉高 18.15cm ,二者之間差異顯著。假莖平均基圍和平均中圍分別為 71.94cm 和 52.53cm ,比親本略低,但差異不顯著。假莖底色為黃綠色,花青苷顯色強(qiáng)。假莖基部葉鞘內(nèi)表面顏色為紫紅色。葉片平均長(zhǎng)度、葉片平均寬度分別為 228.28cm.101.64cm ,比親本稍大,但差異不顯著。葉柄較長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)度為42.61cm 。葉距中,葉面有光澤,葉背有蠟粉,葉背中脈顏色黃色。穗柄彎曲程度強(qiáng),有茸毛(圖2)。穗柄長(zhǎng)度和粗度與親本巴西蕉相比均有顯著差異,桂蕉10號(hào)穗柄長(zhǎng)度為 79.75cm ,比親本長(zhǎng) 11.91cm ;穗柄粗度為 18.70cm ,比親本細(xì) 3.69cm 。花序軸無苞片宿存,雄花軸姿態(tài)下垂,雄花蕾形狀近橢圓形,花蕾頂部苞片排列呈小覆瓦狀,苞片外表顏色紫紅色。
圖1桂蕉10號(hào)植株(A)與果穗(B) Fig.1Guijiao No.10 plant (A) and fruit bunch (B)

表1桂蕉10號(hào)與對(duì)照品種巴西蕉主要性狀比較
Table1 Comparison of important traitsbetween Guijiao No.10 and the control cultivar Brazilian banana

注:不同小寫字母表示在 Plt;0.05 差異顯著。下同。 Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at Plt;0.05 .The same below.
2.2 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)特性
桂蕉10號(hào)果穗呈圓柱形,果實(shí)著生姿態(tài)強(qiáng)烈上彎,果穗美觀,較整齊緊湊,果梳數(shù)為9.85個(gè),果穗較長(zhǎng),平均 84.40cm ,果穗平均寬度為 37.00cm 。果指較巴西蕉長(zhǎng),新植蕉果指平均長(zhǎng)度為 24.17cm ,宿根蕉果指平均長(zhǎng)度為 25.08cm 。果指平均寬度為 3.51cm. 生果皮顏色綠色,熟果皮顏色黃色,果肉硬度中偏軟,熟果肉顏色為黃白色(圖3)。平均單果質(zhì)量149.75g 。果實(shí)蔗糖含量 (σw ,后同) 6.20g?100g-1 ,可溶性糖含量 20.87% ,總酸含量 0.19g?100g-1 ,淀粉含量 3.90g?100g-1 ,維生素C含量 12.50mg?100g-1 ,鉀含量 364.00mg?100g-1 ,可溶性固形物含量 22.00% (表2)。
2.3 產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)
2020一2021年,在廣西南寧市武鳴區(qū)里建基地、欽州市久隆鎮(zhèn)基地進(jìn)行桂蕉10號(hào)和巴西蕉對(duì)比試種。如表3所示,2020年桂蕉10號(hào)新植一代蕉的平均單株產(chǎn)量為 24.84kg ,折合每公頃平均產(chǎn)量為49355.32kg ,比親本巴西蕉增產(chǎn) 10.52% ;2021年桂蕉10號(hào)宿根蕉的平均單株產(chǎn)量為 27.40kg ,折合每公頃平均產(chǎn)量為 54424.29kg ,比親本巴西蕉增產(chǎn)8.23% 。桂蕉10號(hào)有一定的豐產(chǎn)性和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性。
圖2桂蕉10號(hào)穗柄(A)與巴西蕉穗柄(B)

圖3桂蕉10號(hào)第三梳果實(shí)(A)、單個(gè)果指(B)與巴西蕉單個(gè)果指(C)對(duì)比Fig.3Comparisonofthethird-handfruitsofGuijiaoNo.10(A),individualfingers (B),andindividualfingersofBrazilianbanana (C)

表2桂蕉10號(hào)與對(duì)照品種巴西蕉主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀比較
Table 2Comparisonof maineconomic characteristicsbetween GuijiaoNo.10andcontrolcultivar Brazilian banana

表3桂蕉10號(hào)區(qū)域試驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)Table3YieldperformanceofGuijiaoNo.10inregionaltrials

2.4 生物學(xué)特性及適應(yīng)性
桂蕉10號(hào)在廣西產(chǎn)區(qū)2月至3月初種植6~8葉齡組培苗的情況下,于當(dāng)年12月開始收獲。新植蕉生育期為355~385d,宿根蕉生育期為350~375d,與親本巴西蕉的生育期基本一致。秋冬種植時(shí)需要蓋膜避寒越冬,應(yīng)盡可能避開易受寒害的區(qū)域種植。桂蕉10號(hào)植株葉姿開張,葉柄頂部?jī)梢硐蛲夥恚N植密度為每 666.7m2120~140 株。
2.5枯萎病抗性
2.5.1苗期抗性評(píng)價(jià)(室內(nèi)抗性鑒定) 香蕉苗期盆栽室內(nèi)抗性鑒定參考田丹丹等、黃秉智等的方法及苗期抗枯萎病評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行。結(jié)果表明,在測(cè)試親本巴西蕉為高度感病的參照下,桂蕉10號(hào)為感病(表4)。
2.5.2田間抗性評(píng)價(jià)(田間抗性調(diào)查)田間抗性調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)參考黃素梅等、黃秉智等方法進(jìn)行。結(jié)果如表5所示,桂蕉10號(hào)為感病,親本巴西蕉為高感。田間評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果與苗期盆栽評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果一致。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
(1)選擇適宜蕉園,種植密度以每 666.7m2120~ 140株為宜,光溫充足、水肥條件好的區(qū)域,可每666.7m2 種植160~180株。
(2)廣西、云南采取秋冬植及春植模式,秋冬植宜以覆蓋雙膜(地膜及天膜)越冬為佳;海南、廣東等地宜選擇在5一7月種植,也可根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐姆N植習(xí)慣確定種植時(shí)間。
表4桂蕉10號(hào)盆栽苗抗病性評(píng)價(jià)

表5桂蕉10號(hào)田間抗病性評(píng)價(jià)

(3)種植前每株撒施 500~750g 土壤調(diào)理劑(主要成分:CaO含量 340% )、充分腐熟的雞糞、豬糞、牛糞、羊糞等糞肥或經(jīng)過充分發(fā)酵處理的豆粕肥等植物秸稈肥類 15~20kg ,復(fù)合微生物肥料 2kg 復(fù)合肥(N:P:K質(zhì)量比 15:15:15)500g 鈣鎂磷肥 200g ,結(jié)合防治根結(jié)線蟲病施放 10% 克線磷顆粒劑 20~30g 0蕉苗定植后應(yīng)及時(shí)澆足、澆透定根水。在新出第一枚葉片之前,保持土壤充足水分。特別是干旱季節(jié),應(yīng)保證土壤連續(xù)充足的水分供應(yīng)。以施有機(jī)肥為主,施足充分的發(fā)酵好的農(nóng)家肥、豆粕肥、花生麩等有機(jī)肥。平衡施用化肥,以埋施復(fù)合肥、鉀肥為主,滴施或噴施水溶性復(fù)合肥為輔,中后期配合施適量中、微量元素肥料,還應(yīng)配施生物有機(jī)肥,
(4)做好果穗管理工作,主要包括:校蕾抹花墊把、斷蕾和疏果、果穗套袋等,果穗管理技術(shù)與常規(guī)品種相同。
(5)加強(qiáng)對(duì)香蕉枯萎病、根結(jié)線蟲、葉鞘腐敗病、葉斑病及黑星病的防控,全生育期防治象甲、蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛、斜紋夜蛾、葉跳甲、卷葉蟲、花薊馬等。
4應(yīng)用前景
桂蕉10號(hào)在南寧、玉林、欽州、百色、崇左及北海等廣西香蕉主產(chǎn)區(qū)試種時(shí),均表現(xiàn)為植株假莖高大粗壯、果指較長(zhǎng)以及持續(xù)豐產(chǎn)的優(yōu)良特性。因此,該品種適宜在廣西、廣東、云南、海南等我國(guó)香蕉主產(chǎn)區(qū)推廣種植。
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