賓語從句在初中英語學習中占有很重要的位置,是初中英語學習的重點和難點,在中考中占很大分值,經常在選擇、同義句轉換和閱讀中出現,成為中考試卷中必考查的語法項目之一。因此能否真正理解、掌握賓語從句的有關知識對于提高學習成績至關重要。
1.概念:
賓語從句屬于主從復合句,據字面理解,在主句的賓語中有一個從句充當主句的賓語,這個從句就是賓語從句。
2.可接賓語從句的詞有:say,tell,think,know,see,hear,hope,guess,suppose,mind,feel等。或由形容詞構成的系表結構,如:afraid,sure,sorry,Slad等。
3引導詞
(1)that(從句是陳述句時,引導詞用that,它本身無詞義,在口語中可省略。)
(2)if或whether(從句是一般疑問句時用可或whether,含義是“是否”。)
if、weather一般情況下可互換,但以下情況只用whether。 ①構成whether···or not句式;②在介詞后面;③在不定式的前面。
(3)連接代詞、連接副詞(從句中是特殊疑問句時用。)
連接代詞(what,which,who,whose)
連接副詞(when,where,how,why)
4.賓語從句的標點符號
賓語從句的符號取決于主句。如果主句是陳述句,句尾用句號;如果主句是疑問句,句尾用問號;
5.賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序都用陳述語序(即正常的主謂語序)。
He says that Jimwill miss a10tof lessons.
He asked whether we shouldholdaspotsmeetings.
DO you know what the popula-tion of Dalianis?
特例:如從句本身即為主謂語序時,變成賓語從句時語序不需要改變的情況。
He asked what was wrong withyou?
He asked what was the troublewithyouy
He asked what was the matterwithyou?
6.賓語從句的時態
(1)當主句是一般現在時,從句可根據需要選用任何時態。
(2)當主句是一般過去時,從句根據需要用相應的過去某種時態。(即一般過去時、過去將來時、過去完成時等。)
特例:①當從句講述的是客觀事實或真理時,從句時態不受主句限制,都用一般現在時。
②Could you tell me……為委婉的語氣,按一般現在時處理。
Hesays thathe is good at Eng-lish.
He says that he has been illfOrtwodays.
I don’t know if he will cometomorrow.
Heaskedmewherellived.
She said that she had been illfOrtwodays.
She said that she would returnsoon.
Theteachersaid“lighttravelsfasterthansound”.
Hesaid“theearthisround”.
She said “the sun rises in theeast”.
Could you tell me where thenearesthosnital is?
7.賓語從句變否定句
如果主句主語是第一人稱I或we謂語動詞多為think、guess、believe時,變否定句要否定轉移,即否定主句。
Ithinkchickencallswim(變否定句)。
I don’t think chicken canswim.
8.賓語從句變反義疑問句
賓語從句的主句主語是第一人稱I或we時,變反義疑問句時看從句,如果主句主語不是第一人稱時則看主句。
I think he is a good student,isn’the?
They want tO know if he is agoodstudent,don’tthey?
9.賓語從句的同義句轉換
在賓語從句中經常會出現“疑問詞動詞不定式”的結構,它可與“疑問詞+主語+情態動詞+謂語”進行同義句轉換。
Can you tell me how l can get to the station?
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
10.復合結構
如find、make、think等帶有復合賓語的動詞后,為了避免結構混亂常用it作形式賓語,將實際賓語放在后面。
I find it important that weshould learn English well.
Ifound that he was agood stu-dent.(復合句)
I found him a good student.(簡單句)
11.做賓語從句選擇題的技巧
將下列句子變成賓語從句:
(1)“Where does he live?”He asked.
He asked where he lived.
(2)“How much milk is therein the bottle?”Heasked.
He asked how much milk thereis in the bottle?
從以上兩例可以看出作賓語從句選擇題時要四看:
①看從句語序,②看時態,③看有無助動詞,④看動詞變化形式。
所以使用以上四種方法很容易快速、準確做出答案。
例如:Doyou know_______nextyear?(正確是C)
A.when he CaUle here.
B.when did he come here
C.when he will come here
D.when will he come here
(A時態不對,B多助動詞,且時態不對,D語序不對。)
通過以上數例,可以說按照新課程改革的要求,我們應具有創新精神,充分調動學生積極性,發揮群體的優勢,倡導自主、合作、探究的學習方式,使他們得到充分、和諧、健康的發展。要讓學生把學習過的知識系統化,養成自己搜集、整理、總結所學知識的能力,找出其內在的聯系,發現其規律性,使同學們學習知識更加容易、靈活、牢固。由被動接受變為主動探究,不斷提高和培養創新能力,取得良好的學習效果,真正實現素質教育的目的。
(作者單位:克東縣名山中學)
責任編輯/張 燁