尋江蘇三年英語“非謂語動詞”考查軌跡 談２００７年復(fù)習(xí)備考策略

動詞非謂語形式指動詞在句子中不擔(dān)任謂語，而擔(dān)任其它成份時(shí)的形式。它們在句子中使用的頻率很高，因此在考試中也占了相當(dāng)?shù)谋戎?，必須重視?/p>

中學(xué)英語教材從初中到高中都涉及非謂語動詞的用法。但是，到了高三學(xué)生仍弄不清非謂語動詞用法的區(qū)別，在使用時(shí)總是出錯(cuò)。為幫助學(xué)生提高復(fù)習(xí)效率，掌握非謂語動詞的用法，筆著認(rèn)真研讀了江蘇3年自主命題的試卷，試圖追尋高考命題的軌跡，捕捉高考命題的規(guī)律，以便給同學(xué)們提出一些2007年備考復(fù)習(xí)策略。

一、3年江蘇高考試題中非謂語動詞考查點(diǎn)剖析

04、05年分別有6道題直接考非謂語動詞，06年看起來只有3道題直接考查此項(xiàng)目，但間接考查此項(xiàng)目的題目還是不少。如：44題，根據(jù)上下文意思，考查can’t help doing sth （情不自禁干某事）知識點(diǎn)。此處沒有設(shè)計(jì)動名詞選項(xiàng)，而是設(shè)計(jì)了動名詞前的選項(xiàng)。06年的書面表達(dá)范文中多處用了非謂語動詞的形式。筆者嘗試用其他句式替換，但行文就是不及用非謂語動詞地道流暢。

三年試題顯示，考查立意不難，主要考查的是非謂語動詞的一些基本的用法。但是，題目的設(shè)置注重了情境化與結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，加大了考生對題干句的理解難度。另外，考點(diǎn)設(shè)問的角度也多樣化，不僅是非謂語間的互相干擾，還利用了句子結(jié)構(gòu)上相似的特點(diǎn)，給考生造成干擾。

不容置疑，高考將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對非謂語動詞的考查，而且考點(diǎn)將呈設(shè)問角度多樣化與情境化的趨勢，這些因素值得注意。

二、2007年備考復(fù)習(xí)策略

（一）復(fù)習(xí)梳理，正面感知非謂語動詞基礎(chǔ)知識

1.非謂語動詞形式在句子中的功能

2.非謂語動詞的變化形式(時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)) （以動詞do為例）

3.非謂語動詞的其他一些相關(guān)必要的基礎(chǔ)知識

（1）非謂語動詞的否定形式構(gòu)成是在該非謂語動詞形式前加“not”。

I apologize for not informing you of the result earlier. “not informing”為動名詞的否定形式。

（2）非謂語動詞形式保留了動詞的一些特性，最明顯的是它們?nèi)钥蓭в凶约旱馁e語和賓補(bǔ)。

He is good at getting others involved in her games.“others” 為賓語， “ involved”為賓補(bǔ)。

（3）非謂語動詞形式可以與自己邏輯上的主語構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

A.動詞不式的邏輯主語用for或of引出，為“for sb/ of sb”形式。 It’s important for them to tell right from wrong. It’s clever of you to make up such jokes.句中 “for them to tell right from wrong” 與 “of you to make up such jokes”為動詞不式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

B.動名詞的邏輯主語為物主代詞或名詞的所有格（也可用賓格）形式。I like his /him/Tom’s singing English songs.

C.分詞的邏輯主語為名詞（代詞），在句中構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立主格。The work done， they went directly home./ It being fine， they set out on a journey.

（二）歸納比較非謂語動詞用法的區(qū)別及易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

1.不定式與動名詞在句子中作主語時(shí)的特征與差別

動詞不定式可直接作主語也可用于形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)，而動名詞用于形式主語it結(jié)構(gòu)的詞是有限的，要記住。如：It is no good (no use ，useless，senseless...)、There is no knowing...等。

2.不定式與動名詞在句子中作賓語時(shí)的特征與差別

不定式與動名詞在句子中均可作賓語，但兩者有區(qū)別。不定式只能作動詞賓語，而動名詞還能做介詞賓語。

（1）在“l(fā)ove ，like， hate， begin， start”等動詞后，不定式和動名詞作賓語均可，意義沒有多大差別。

（2）在下列動詞和一些帶介詞的短語動詞后必須跟動名詞做其賓語。跟動名詞作賓語的動詞： advise， admit， appreciate， avoid， consider， dislike， delay， enjoy， escape， excuse， fancy， finish， finish， forgive， forbid， imagine， include， keep， mind， mention， miss， practice， permit， risk， resist， stand， suggest， understand等。一些帶介詞的短語動詞：look forward to， devote...to...， get＼be used to， feel like， insist on， object to...等 。

（3）在下列動詞后必須跟帶“to”的不定式做其賓語， 這些動詞是: agree， ask， afford， choose， decide， demand， expect， fail， hope， learn， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， plan， refuse， want (想要)， wish 等。

（4）有些動詞后跟不定式與動名詞作賓語均可，但意義有差別，如：forget， remember， regret，go on， stop（stop后的不定式是目的狀語）， mean等。

（5）want， need， require 和deserve等動詞后接動名詞的主動形式表被動含義。（worth是形容詞也可歸入此類復(fù)習(xí)）

3.不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的特征與差別

（1）注意賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系是主動還是被動。

They don’t allow energy drinks to be made in Australia but buy them from New Zealand. 賓語“energydrinks ”和賓補(bǔ)“to be made ”之間在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系。

（2）以謂語動詞為參照注意賓補(bǔ)表現(xiàn)的行為狀況是進(jìn)行還是完成。

When he returned 10 years later， he found his hometown greatly changed. 這里賓補(bǔ) changed 表示完成。

They had the lights burning throughout the night because they worked round the clock. 這里賓補(bǔ)“burning ”表示進(jìn)行。

（3）注意現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動形式等不能做賓補(bǔ)，須用過去分詞。

如：Mother was very happy to find my work finished ahead of time. 這里畫線部分不能用 having been finished

（4）須省略或保留動詞不定式符號“to”的特殊情況

A．省略動詞不定式符號“to”的情況：

有些動詞后面跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)前不用“to”。省略動詞不定式符號“to”的情況可用一句話概括。即：“注意”下列“一 ”、“二”、“三”、“四”，“有助于”掌握其用法?！白⒁狻眓otice， “一感覺 （feel） ”“二聽（listen to＼hear）”、“三讓”（make ＼ let ＼have ）”、“四看”（watch＼see＼look at＼observe）“有助于”(help)。

B． 保留動詞不定式符號“to”的情況：

I often hear him sing English songs. 在以上句式中，賓補(bǔ)前省略動詞不定式符號“to”， 但此句式用被動語態(tài)時(shí)，要恢復(fù)賓補(bǔ)前的不定式符號“to”。以上句子應(yīng)改寫為：He is often heard to sing English songs.

有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，在句末可以用to來代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在 expect， hope， wish， mean， prefer， want， try， 以及be glad， be happy， would like ＼ love 等的后面。如：

——Keep an eye on my house while I am away.

——I’ll be happy to.

4.不定式與分詞作狀語時(shí)的特點(diǎn)與區(qū)別

（1）不定式與分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。

To complete the work on time， you must find more hands.這里的you是complete邏輯上的主語，此句一般不這樣寫：To complete the work on time， more hands must be found.

Having finished the work， they felt totally relaxed. 這里的they是finish邏輯上的主語，而且they與finish有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

（2）以句子的主語和謂語為參照，決定選用不定式或分詞的形式以及主動與被動。

Contrast can make something appear more beautiful than it is when seen alone. 這里以句子的主語為參照，see 應(yīng)為被動。

（3）不定式作狀語時(shí)，多作目的、原因與結(jié)果狀語。

（4）分詞作狀語時(shí)，多表示時(shí)間，原因，條件和伴隨狀態(tài)，有時(shí)也能表示方式，讓步。

5.4種非謂語動詞作定語時(shí)的特點(diǎn)與區(qū)別

（1） 動名詞往往表示其后名詞的用途或目的。通常情況下放在所修飾的名詞的前面，與后面的名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞。例如：

working method (=method of working) 工作方法（動名詞）

（2） 現(xiàn)在分詞對名詞起修飾作用，表示該名詞的動作，表示主動意義或一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動作或有特征性的動作，可以放在所修飾名詞的前面也可放在所修飾名詞的后面。例如:

exciting news（=news which excites people ）讓人興奮的消息

Do you know the girl sitting (= who is sitting) at the desk? 你認(rèn)識坐在辦公室桌旁的那個(gè)姑娘嗎？

The house standing (= which stands ) at the foot of the hill is a hospital. 位于山腳下的那座房子是醫(yī)院。

（3） 不定式表示一般性的或一個(gè)未發(fā)生的或已完成的動作”。例如：

He is the proper person to translate (= who can translate) the book. 他是翻譯這本書的適當(dāng)人選。

The first people to settle (= who settled) there were from Europe . 首批在那里定居的是歐洲人。

（4） 過去分詞表示被動的或已經(jīng)完成的動作。可以放在所修飾名詞的前面也可放在所修飾名詞的后面。例如：

The person injured in the head will be sent to hospital at once. 那位頭部受傷的人要立即送往醫(yī)院。

The fallen leaves covered the ground. 落葉覆蓋著大地。

（三）有效訓(xùn)練、鞏固與內(nèi)化

1.原題練習(xí)。選擇原高考題練習(xí)，記熟經(jīng)典例句以及命題主旨。

2.對比練習(xí)。做一些類似的練習(xí)，同時(shí)與經(jīng)典例句比較，熟練識別考查要點(diǎn)。

3.強(qiáng)化易錯(cuò)考查點(diǎn)的糾錯(cuò)練習(xí)，。充分利用錯(cuò)題集資源，把所記載的此類語法題做上記號或另列出來逐個(gè)分析， 以便更了解自己， 在訓(xùn)練中自糾提高。

4.綜合訓(xùn)練。自編、改編或自選一些有語境的語法與詞匯融合在一起的題目，可以是單選題、翻譯句子、短文改錯(cuò)、完形填空或是書面表達(dá)練習(xí)，做完后要作點(diǎn)評與總結(jié)。

5.注意新課標(biāo)與新編教材中一些地道的表達(dá)法，在具體情境中恰當(dāng)使用非謂語動詞形式，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)交際意圖。

三、非謂語動詞針對性練習(xí)

I. 選擇正確答案

()1.Russs and and Earl were auto mechanics __________ the same pay， but Earl had more ambition.

a.to earn b.to have earnedc.earning d.earned

( )2.__________ automatically， the e-mail will be received by all the club members.

a.Having mailed out b.Mailing out

c.To be mailed out____________d. Mailed out

( )3.He got well-prepared for the job interview， for he coundn’t risk _____ the good opportunity.

a.to loseb.losing c.to be lostd.being lost

( )4._____________ into use in April 2000， the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.

a.Putb.Putting c.Having put d.Being put

( )5.This company was the first ____________ portable radios as well cassette tape recorders in the world.

a.producingb.to producec.having producedd.produced

( )6.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier，____________it more difficult.

a.not makingb.not makec.not to make d.nor to make

( )7.Accustomed to____________the steep mountain， he had no difficulty in reaching the top.

a.climbing b. climb c.having climbedd.haved climbed

( )8.When the first English settlers arrived in the New World， the Inians____________jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly .

a.wearingb.to wear c.wornd.having worn

( )9.The disc， digitally____________in the studio， sound fantastic at the party that night.

a..having recorded b.recording

c.to be recordedd .recorded

( )10.Having been attacked by terrioists ，____________.

a.doctors came to theirs rescue

b.the tall building collapased

c.an emergency measure was taken

d.warnings were given to tourists

( )11.After this journey from abroad， Richard Jones returned home，____________.

a.exhaustingb.exhausted

c.being exhausted d.having exhausted

( )12.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain____________as the plane was making a landing.

a.seatb.seating c.seated d.to be seating

( )13.An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered____________clear warning before firing any shots.

a.to issueb.being issuedc.to have issuedd.to be issued

( )14.I feel it is your husband who____________for the spoiled child.

a.is to blameb.is going to blame

c.is to be blamed d.should blame

( )15.In some part of London， missing a bus means____________for another hour.

a.waiting b.to wait c.wait d.to be waiting

( )16.Certainly， anyone____________had to go the manager’s office that afternoon..

a. concerningb.to concernc.being concerned d. concerned

( )17.____________ by his colleagues as a “distinguished teacher ” has supported the notion(觀念)that he is doing a good job.

a.Elected b. Electing

c. Having being electedd. Being elected

( )18.In order to improve English，____________ .

a.Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.

b.Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself

c.a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny

d.a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father

( )19.____________ from heart trouble for years， Professor White has to make some medicine with him wherever he goes.

a.Suffered b.Suffering c.Having suffered d.Being suffered

( )20.Sandy could do nothing but____________to his teacher that he was wrong.

a.admit b.admitted c.admittingd.to admit

II. 用所給的動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

(lead， raise， notice， breath， warn， reduce， cycle， take， produce， realize)

Cars are one of the1.________________________ causes of air pollution in the world today. Poisonous smoke and gas 2.________________________ by the increasing number of cars on our roads are now a major cause of 3.________________________ problems， especially among children. Health officials， 4.________________________ an increase in the number of people with breathing related diseases， 5.________________________ the public. They have done so in the hope that people will 6.________________________ notice of the problems caused by poisonous smoke and gas from cars. 7.________________________ how serious the problem has become， the government has been encouraging people to walk， 8.________________________ or make better use of the underground system.. The aim of this is 9.________________________ air pollution. But the government will have a hard time 10.________________________the awareness of the whole population because cars are attracting and provide convenient access to enjoyment.

III. 完形填空(從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案)

There are many kinds of friends. Some are always with you， but don’t understand you. Some say only a few words to you， but understand you. Many people will step in your life， but only 1 friends leave footprints.

I shall always recall (回憶) the autumn and the girl with the2 . I know she will always be my best friend.

It was the golden season. I could see the yellow leaves 3 in the cool wind. In such a season， I liked walking along in the leaves，4 to the sound of them .

Autumn is a 5 season and life is uninteresting. The free days always get me 6.But one day， the sound of a violin flowed into my ears like a stream 7 in the mountains. I was so surprised that I jumped to see what it was .A young girl， 8 in the wind， was lost in playing her violin.

I had 9 seen her before. The music was so nice that I listened quietly. 10 in the music， I didn’t know that I had been standing there for so long but my existence did not seem 11 her.

Leaves were still falling. Every day she played the violin at the corner of the building 12 I went downstairs to watch her performance . I was the only listener. The autumn seemed no longer lonely and life became 13 .Though we didn’tknow each other， I believed she also loved me，14we were already good friends.

Autumn was nearly over. One day ，when I was listening carefully， the sound suddenly 15 . To my astonishment (驚訝) ，the girl came over to me.

“You must like violin.” she said.

“Yes. And you play very well. Why did you stop?” I asked.

Suddenly，a 16 expression appeared on her face and I could feel something unusual.

“I came here to see my grandmother ，but now I must leave. I once played very badly . Itwas your listening every day that 17 me .”she said.

“In fact， it was your 18 that gave me a meaningful autumn，” I answered .“Let’s be friends.” The girl smiled， and so did I.

I never heard her play again in my life . I no longerwent downstairs to listen like before with only thick leaves 19 . But I will always remember the fine figure (身影) of the girl. She is likea 20 soshort， so bright， like a shooting star giving off so much light that it makes the autumn beautiful.

( )1.a. young b. true c. new d. old

( )2.a. sound b. song c. playd. violin

( )3.a. shakingb. hangingc. falling d. floating

( )4.a. to listenb. listenedc. and listenedd. listening

( )5a. lively b. lovely c. harvest d. lonely

( )6.a. up b. offc. downd. over

( )7.a. flowingb. runningc. floating d. lying

( )8.a. stood b.who is standing c. standingd. wasstanding

( )9.a. onceb. neverc. often d. usually

( )10. a. Lost b. Losingc. Having lostd. Getting lost

( )11. a. pleasing b. to comfort c. to have disturbed d. to haveattracted

( )12. a. becauseb. if c. whend. but

( )13. a. interestingb. moving c. encouraging d. exciting

( )14. a. sensed b. knowing c. to have sensedd. sensing.

( )15. a. stopped b. beganc. gone d. changed

( )16. a. happyb. sadc. stranged. surprised

( )17. a. surprised b. excited c. encouraged d. interested

( )18. a. listeningb. existingc. playingd. coming

( )19. a. left behindb. leaving behind c. were left behind d. that left behind

( )20. a. song b. dreamc. fired. sister

參考答案及說明

I．選擇題

1．c 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

2．d過去分詞作狀語與句子主語構(gòu)成連邏輯上的被動關(guān)系

3．b risk后要用動名詞作賓語

4．a(chǎn) 過去分詞作狀語，與句子主語“ hotline”構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系

5．b 動詞不定式作定語，當(dāng)名詞前有“the first”，“the last”之類的詞修飾時(shí)，往往用動詞不定式來做定語，而不用 v-ing 分詞

6．c 動詞不定式作表語，與前面to make life easier并列

7．a(chǎn) 在Be(get ，become) accustomed to (=be used to ) “習(xí)慣于……”短語中，后接名詞、代詞、動名詞

8．a(chǎn) 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

9．d 過去分詞作定語

10．b 過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語與句子主語需保持一致。

11．b 過去分詞作狀語，表示伴隨說明主語的狀況。

12．c 過去分詞，seat通常作 vt.使用，remain 為聯(lián)系動詞

13．a(chǎn) 動詞不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語

14．a(chǎn) 動詞不定式的主動形式，表示被動意義。

15．a(chǎn) mean 后接動名詞為“意味著”。

16．d 過去分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一定語從句anyone who was concerned

17．d 動名詞被動結(jié)構(gòu)作主語。

18. b 動詞不定式作目的狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語一致。

19. c 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。

20. a 考查省略動詞不定式“to”的情況。在do nothing but 后，通常接不帶“to”的動詞不定式。

II．短文填詞：

1..leading 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

2.produced過去分詞作定語

3.breathing動名詞作定語

4.noticing 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語、表原因

5.have warned根據(jù)意思應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

6.take take notice of sth 是“注意”的意思

7.Realizing 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語、表原因

8.cycle與walk以及后的make better use of 是并列的賓補(bǔ)

9.to reduce 動詞不定式作表語表示將要發(fā)生的動作

10.raising用于have a hard time (in) doing 結(jié)構(gòu)中

III. 完形填空：

1. b. “真正的朋友”才符合題意。

2. d. 根據(jù)下文提示，應(yīng)選d

3. c. 樹葉正在下落。

4. d. 現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。

5. d. 根據(jù)后半句的uninteresting，確定選用d，表示作者的一種傷感。

6. c. get sb down 使某人情緒低落。

7. a. 水的流動用flow.

8. c. 現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。

9. b.根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)選b， 表示以前從未見過。

10. alost in music，沉浸在音樂之中，這是過去分詞作狀語，邏輯上與句子主語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。

11. c. 表示陌生人的到來沒有干擾她彈琴。

12. c. 當(dāng)我下樓來的時(shí)候。

13. a. 表示作者態(tài)度的改變與前面形成對比。

14. d. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示感覺到。

15. a. 謂語動詞，意思是“停止了”。

16. b. 表示女孩在離開前的傷感。

17. c. 謂語動詞，意思是“鼓勵(lì)”。

18. c. 動名詞在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。

19. a.with only thick leaves left behind 是“with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”作狀語，left為過去分詞。

20. b. 表示作者對偶遇女孩的經(jīng)歷很珍惜，對其突然離開表示惋惜。