動詞的用法是最難和最靈活的項目, 也是每年高考的重頭戲。許多老師和正在迎接2007年高考的同學都在關注著語言點的考查,為此,我們擬就06年全國各地試卷中語言點考查的一個側面:動詞考查情況,進行數據統計和細化分析。
語言學習中對動詞的掌握和運用,決定了以動詞為中心的語言點考查范圍。2006年在全國各省市的高考英語試題單項選擇題和完形填空中,動詞依然是考查熱點,試歸納匯總在下表:

從上表看出,今年全國各地英語試卷中,在語言和詞匯運用一題中,以動詞為中心的語言點來說,主要在動詞詞義或動詞短語的區別考查尤為密集。在此,我們把各地試卷單項選擇題中在這個方面的考查再細化分析:
一、 動詞詞義以及短語的區別各地考查情況
1.(全國卷I)22. We ______________ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to
walk home.
A. reachedB. lost C. missed D. caught
2. (全國卷I)27. Mike didn’t play football yesterday because he had______________his leg.
A. damagedB. hurt C. hit D. struck
3. (全國卷2)15. Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not______________her to do so.
A. forbidB. allowC. followD. ask
4. (上海春)43.Sean’s strong love for his country is______________in his recently published poems.
A. relieved B. reflected C. responded D. recovered
5.(天津卷)6. We want to rent a bus which can______________ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.
A. load B. hold C. fill D. support
6. (天津卷)8. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it____________________________ shopping and eating.
A. refers toB. speaks of C. focuses onD. comes to
7. (天津卷)10. Don’t respond to any e-mails______________ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. askingC. requesting D. questioning
8.(重慶卷)28.——How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
——Well,I______________ somehow.
A. get along B. come onC. watch out D. set off
9. (遼寧卷)22.The computer system______________ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
A. broke down B. broke outC. broke upD. broke in
10. (四川卷)25.——The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
——Don’t worry. We have already______________ two thirds of it.
A. got downB. got through C. given in D. given away
11.(江西卷)34.For all these years I have been working for others.I’m hoping I’ll______________ my own business someday.
A. turn upB.fix upC. set upD.make up
12. (陜西卷)14.With no one to______________ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
A. turn to B. turn onC. turn offD. turn over
13.(福建卷)28.She______________Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely.
A. picked outB. made outC. made upD. picked up
14. (湖北卷)22. One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to______________healthy eating habits.
A. grow B developC. increase D. raise
15.(湖北卷)25.It’s already 10 o’clock I wonder how it______________ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
A. came over B. came out C: came aboutD. came up
16. (湖北卷)26. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now______________ the matter.
A. seeing through B. working out
C. looking into D. watching over
17. (湖北卷)27. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village______________ scenes of my childhood.
A. called upB. called forC. called on D. called in
18. (湖北卷)28. Although the wind has______________ , the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.
A. turned up B. gone back C. died downD. blown out
19. (廣東卷)24. The traffic lights______________ green and I pulled away.
A. cameB. grewC. gotD. went
20. (廣東卷)25. I was still sleeping when the fire______________, and then it spread quickly.
A. broke outB. put out C. came out D. got out
21. (浙江卷)8. We’re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we______________ your number incorrectly.
A. looked up B. took down C. worked outD. brought about
22. (浙江卷)20. ——What should I do first?
——The instructions______________that you should mix flour with water carefully first.
A. goB. tellC. writeD. say
23. (安徽省)24.It was already past midnight and only three young men______________in the teahouse.
A.leftB.remainedC.delayedD.deserted
24. (安徽省)33.——Four dollars a pair? I think it’s a bit too much.
——If you buy three pairs, the price for each will______________to three fifty.
A.come downB.take down C.turn over D.go over
25. (山東卷)25. Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to______________a good researcher.
A. makeB. turnC. getD. grow
26. (山東卷)34. After he retired from office, Rogers______________painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
A. took upB. saved upC. kept upD. drew up
(Key:1-10 CBBBB DCAAB 11-20 CADBC CACDA 21-26 BDBAAA)
在動詞詞義區別方面,今年普遍出現對一些較為常用的動詞之間的區別進行考查,這和前幾年有相同之處。試題構成上來說,在全國高考試卷中,往往采用一些常用但區別又很微妙的動詞來考查學生對語言的敏感程度和準確理解。比如:全國卷I第22題,就要求對幾個常用到的動詞:reach, miss, lose及catch在具體語境靈活區別,同樣,在該套試題中第27題,要求考生對幾個表示“破壞”意思的詞區別:damage, hurt, hit及 strike。全國卷II第15題,要求區別forbid, allow, follow及ask幾個詞。天津卷第6題,要求對load, hold, fill及support進行區別。廣東卷第24題,要求考生對come,grow, go及get等常用詞在一個特定語言環境中的恰當運用。 山東卷第25題,也有類似的詞義區別:make , turn, grow及get等。浙江卷第20題,要求對go, tell, write及say等詞在具體語言環境中的恰當運用。 湖北卷第22題,要求對grow, develop, increase及raise等詞進行細微區別。安徽卷則要求學生對leave, remain, delay及desert 在具體語境中進行合理運用。
在動詞短語方面,今年在全國各地高考試卷中出現的短語累計共有14道題目,這些短語分布在:福建卷第28題,對pick out, make out ,pick up及make up區別。重慶卷第28題,對get along, come on, watch out及set off在具體語境中的合理運用。江西卷第34題,要求就turn up, make up ,fix up, set up 四短語進行細微區別。陜西卷第14題,要求對turn構成的短語:turn to, turn on , turn off, turn over 進行精確運用。天津卷第8題,要求就refer to, speak of, focuse on 及come to 進行恰當運用。廣東卷第25題,對break out, get out, put out , come out 細微區別。 山東卷第34題,對take up, save up, keep up, draw up 進行區別。浙江卷第8題,要求對look up, take down, work out及bring out在具體語境中合理運用。可以說,在湖北卷中,今年就短語的考查相當頻繁,共在四道試題中考查了, 分別為:第25、26、27和28題中出現。第25題要求區別come構成的固定短語:come up, come out, come about, come over;第26題要求區別see through, work out, look into, watch over;第27題要求區別call on, call up, call for, call in;第27題要求區別turn up, go back, die down, blow out。四川卷第25題,則要求對get down, get through, give in, give away進行合理運用。安徽卷第33題,要求對come down, take down, turn over, go over在具體語境中恰當運用。遼寧卷第22題,則對break構出的短語區別:break down, break up, break in和break out 。
通過對上面短語考查的對比,我們可以看出,短語的考查在今年的高考試卷中難度不算大,但試題占的比重很大,尤其在完形填空中。另外,各地的試題對比,就很容易看出短語的考查還有相同的,比如浙江卷第8題和安徽卷第33題,都考查了take down。再如陜西卷第14題和湖北卷第27題、安徽卷第33題都考查到了turn構成的短語。
二、動詞短語考查中一些典型問題的分析
根據評卷抽樣分析,06年英語動詞短語考查平均得分不高,其主要問題在于中學生的動詞短語辨析能力欠缺,反映出考生的基本技能和基礎知識依然有待提高,不少考生連基本動詞短語的意思都不清楚,這需要引起我們對教學的重視。在評卷的過程中,我發現和總結了考生的以下幾種典型問題:
(一)基本動詞詞匯問題
考生基本動詞詞匯的問題反映在:
1. 記不清基本動詞詞意, 如: damage, struck, forbid, respond, reflect, focuse , desert等。
2. 分不清一些這些動詞短語之間的區別, 如: refer to 和speak of, get along和set off , break out和come out,call up 和 call on等。這些現象說明學生記憶動詞詞匯和動詞短語的時候非常不準確,只停留在似是而非的和一知半解的感覺上。
(二)基本知識問題
1) 動詞搭配不當。如:
to turn ( make ) a good researcher, grew ( went ) green,to raise ( develop ) habits,put ( make ) up jokes (2005江蘇卷 )
2) 短語記憶不牢,似是而非。如:
Come about , look into, died down , take down, turn to, take up,mean to cheat等
3) 詞義用錯問題。如:
lost ( missed ) the last bus, fill ( hold ) 40 people, left ( remained )in the tea house
(三) 應試能力和技巧問題
1)不注意分析句子結構和句式變化,而誤定了選擇方向。
2)因未認真分析語境,而未能正確理解和把握信息。
例如:In our childhood, we were oftenby Grandma to pay attention to our table manners. ( 2005江蘇卷 )
A. demandedB. reminded C. allowed D. hoped
【分析】考生很可能選擇A項,但根據語境, 此處應為經常“提醒” 之意。因此,答案為 B。
The chance passed and I didn’tit. ( 2006江蘇卷 )
A. take B. haveC. lose D. find
【分析】考生很可能選擇B項,但根據語境, 此處應為“抓住機會”之意。因此,答案為 A 。
3)因產生思維定勢而未能正確理解句意。
例如:We’re going towith some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? (2004北京春季第27題)
A. get in B. get over C.get alongD. get together
【分析】考生很可能選擇C項,get along with sb.“與…相處”。但根據句意,此處應為“歡聚”之意。因此,答案為D。
We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but itvery well ( 2001全國卷 )
A. worked outB. tried out C. went on D. carried on
【分析】該題考查考生對題干中句子的理解和對幾個動詞短語的掌握情況。句子的意思是“我們本沒有那樣計劃我們的美術展覽,但結果是它進行得非常好。”根據句意,選項中惟有A項符合這一要求。選擇B項和C項的考生不知道work out、try out、go on和carry on的確切含義。
三、動詞和動詞短語的復習
(一)夯實基礎,增加輸入
語言學習,需要大量的語言知識積累,同樣能力的提高是以知識為基礎的,沒有一定量的知識積累和技能,就轉化不成一定質的能力。高三復習中我們應該系統地復習好教材,鞏固所學知識,熟練技能。首先,復習要立足于《考試大綱》,著眼于復習實效, 要在教材復習中鞏固語言知識。有針對性地復習一些常用動詞和動詞短語,夯實基礎。教師們在課堂教學中,應該針對同學們的不同問題,采取相應的解決措施,幫助學生有計劃、有系統、有步驟地歸納復習。學生在復習階段要全面、牢固地掌握中學階段所學的常用動詞和動詞短語,并有意識地多記一些英語習慣用法。
其次,增加輸入,拓展視野。教師要引導學生盡可能多地從不同渠道、以不同形式接觸和學習英語,親身感受和直接體驗語言及語言應用。通過多樣化的教學活動,啟發思維,引導學生主動學習,及時檢測,促進學生知識結構和思維方式的轉變,并實現最終的教學目標。因此,我們教師應該充分利用英語教材以及有利于發展學生綜合語言運用能力的其它所有學習材料和輔助設施來提高學生學習英語的積極性,鼓勵學生利用多種資源,拓寬學習和運用英語的渠道,創造自主學習的條件,改進學習方式,提高學習效果。
(二)開發智力,提高能力
動詞和動詞短語的考查在語境中進行,這種趨勢在單選題和完形填空中尤為突出,幾乎每個小題都設計了一個獨立的語境,沒有特別難的語言點,考查點都是常見常用的內容。學生對這類試題無法說難,但又往往難于確定正確答案,反映他們語言實際靈活應用能力不足。因此,教師要引導學生通過親自發現、歸納、分析、運用所學動詞和動詞短語提高運用語言知識的能力。教師應根據高考要求給予擴展性的補充,并指導學生對所學知識進行綜合運用的訓練,以提高綜合運用知識的能力。要培養學生的綜合運用能力,在教學中應讓學生多觀察、多思考、多分析、多實踐,并在不同的語境中去體驗其真正的用法。語言知識的運用和語言技能的訓練,要具有更大的靈活性和實用性。就是要結合特定的具體環境去創造性地靈活而又正確地使用英語。
(三)增加訓練,把握技巧和策略
教與學要注重基本技能和基礎知識的培養,最后階段復習應該以練鞏固雙基,以練提高語言綜合能力為主。從練入手,發現問題,及時應付學生的運用知識能力的變化,切中要點。所以高三復習課要實行“先練后講”的原則。教學思路應由過去的“講解—訓練—記憶”轉變為“訓練—講解—歸納”。教師的正面傳授知識要變為拔亂反正,即幫助學生不斷發現問題,糾正錯誤,尋求正確答案。學生“先練”中的問題就是教師“后講”中的重點。這種英語復習教學的特點是從結果入手,尋找過程,反問一個“為什么”。以前的教學是把學生從未知領域引導到已知領域,高三復習教學要解決知其然還要知其所以然的問題。教師應該從練習入手抓語言知識的應用,從結果入手找原因,一正一反,不斷強化訓練,學生的語言運用能力就能逐步提高。復習課應盡量采用歸納法授課,培養學生觀察、發現、分析、比較、歸納及解決問題的能力。要求同學不但掌握所學動詞和動詞短語的意義而且要注意其在不同語境中的用法。從練入手,應該練什么樣的題目?題海茫茫,教師要嚴格控制。所訓練的動詞和動詞短語選擇的依據應該是:
1. 考綱的詞匯和短語
2. 常用詞且兼類及多義詞
3. 難度不大但用法靈活的動詞和詞組
4. 相關的近義詞或詞組
練習的題目應該經過精心設計或嚴格篩選,自成體系,具有以下幾個特點:
1.能集中體現某些語言基礎知識和現實語境。
2.有益于提高語言技能實際運用能力題。
3.有利于培養學生分析、判斷、推理以及創新等綜合能力題。
4.能體現近幾年英語高考試題設計意圖和風格題。
5.難度適中,內容更貼近現代生活,語言更符合語言國家的文化習慣。
四、實戰訓練
I選詞填空:
(A)
object to;hear of;consist of;complain about;turn up;look into;
apply for;look after;speak of;deal with;turn down
1.You may______________a position to the college by letter or in person.
2.That area’s future weather pattern might______________ long, dry periods.
3.If you facts______________ only, perhaps we’ll get somewhere.
4.He will not______________ my paying for it.
5.The ambassador______________ the student demonstrations.
6.I saw______________ Mary a shop window when I passed the shop.
7.I______________ the reading room when the librarian goes away.
8.Do you______________ my going now? I have to do something important.
9.______________ the fire, please. I need to boil water.
10.He______________ this matter to me.
(B)
operate on;believe in ; speak of;look after;approve of;
contribute to;account for; aim at;amount to;add to;comment on
1.The country has no mineral resources______________ .
2.He could not______________ the time spent away from his post.
3.His remarks______________ the proof that she is innocent.
4.Building costs______________ 6 million dollars.
5.He______________ his elderly parents for many years.
6.The actress will have to have her eyes______________ .
7.Her mother doesn’t______________ her friendship with John.
8.I______________ the bird but missed.
9.The paper often______________ the news in its editorials.
10.Air pollution______________respiratory disease.
II.單項選擇
1.When you come to Wuhan,I can______________for the night.( 82全國卷)
A. put you upB. put you down
C. put you in______________D. put you out
2.——Now, where is my purse?
——______________ !We’ll be late for the picnic. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. Take your timeB. Don’t worry
C. Come onD. Take it easy
3.The sports meet will be ______________ till next week because of the bad weather. (MET89)
A. put offB. put awayC. put up D. put down
4.______________ ! There’s a train coming. (MET91)
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forwardD. Look on
5.Readers can______________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. (MET93)
A. get over B. get inC. get along D. get through
6.We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it______________very well. (NMET2001)
A. worked out B. tried outC. went on D. carried on
7.Can you make a sentence to______________the meaning of the phrase? (NMET2002上海)
A. show off B. turn out C. bring outD. take in
8.If you______________ any problems when you arrive at the airport,give me a ring.(NMET2002上海春)
A. come up withB. set about C. run into D. put aside
9.He______________ some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris. (NMET2003上海春)
A. made outB. picked upC. gave up D. took in
10.The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to______________.(NMET2003北京春)
A. make it out B. make it off
C. make it up D. make it over
11.We thought of selling this old furniture,but we’ve decided to______________it.It might bevaluable. (NMET 2002)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn toD. look after
12.The forest guards often find campfires that have not been______________ completely.(NMET 2004全國#8226;四川、吉林卷)
A. turned downB. put outC. put away D. turned over
13.Before the war broke out,many people______________ in safe places possessions they could not take with them. (NMET 2004重慶卷)
A. threw awayB. put awayC. gave awayD. carried away
14.We wanted to get home before dark but it didn’t quite______________as planned.(NMET 2004浙江卷)
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
15.It was not a serious illness,and she soon______________ it . (NMET 2004天津)
A. got over B. got on withC. got aroundD. got out of
16.To keep healthy,Professor Johnson______________cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired. (NMET 2004上海卷)
A. took upB. caught on C. carried outD. made for
17.The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to______________ our studies.(NMET 2004遼寧卷)
A.get down toB.get outC.get back forD.get over
18.It’s ten years since the scientist______________ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (NMET 2004江蘇卷)
A. made forB. set outC. took offD. turned up
19.He accidentally______________ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. let outB. took careC. made sureD. made out
20.In some western countries,demand for graduates from MBA courses has______________.(NMET 2004廣西卷)
A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen downD. fallen over
參考答案
I.選詞填空:
(A) 1.apply for2.consist of3.deal with4.hear of5.complained about6.looking into7.look after8.object to9.Turn up10.spoke of
(B) 1.to speak of2.account for3.have added to4.amount to5.has looked after6.operated on7.approve of8.aimed at9.comments on10.contributes to
II.單項選擇
1. 【答案】A。
【解析】句意:你到武漢來時,我可以為你提供食宿。
put up舉起;張貼;公布;為……提供食宿;
put down放下;寫下;記下;
put in放進,提交;put out熄滅;關熄;撲滅;
2. 【答案】C。
【解析】句意:——嘿,我的錢包在哪?——快點!野炊我們要遲到了。
take time從容進行 Don’t worry 別著急
come on突然產生,跟著來,開始,上演,快點,趕快
take easy從容,不緊張,松懈,輕松
3.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:因為天氣惡劣,運動會將被推遲至下周。
put off延期;推遲;推托;
put away把……收起來; 儲藏……備用
put up(參見第1題)put down寫下;平定;取締;
4.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:當心!火車來了。
look out當心
look around (=look round)到處尋找,察看,觀光,游覽
look forward向前看;期待,盼望 look on觀看;旁觀;看待
5.【答案】C。
【解析】句意:讀者在不知每一個單詞的確切意思的情況下可以順暢地讀下去。
get over越(爬)過;克服;復原,痊愈;
get in進站;到達;回來;收集
get along過活;相處;進展
get through完成;到達;通過;打通(電話)
6.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:我們并沒有象那樣計劃好我們的藝術展覽會,但結果卻很好。
work out作出,得出……答案,解決;產生某種結果;鍛煉;使精疲力竭
try out試出;嚴密試驗;提煉,
goon往前走,繼續下去(with,doing);日子過得(well,badly);進展(行)
carry on繼續開展,進行下去;經營,處理
7.【答案】C。
【解析】句意:你能造一個句子來解釋這個詞組的意思嗎?
show off賣弄,炫耀;陳列;使顯眼
turn out生產,制造;證明是……,結果是……;
bring out顯示,解釋;說明;暴露;引出
take in收進,接受;裝入,收容,接待;
8.【答案】C。
【解析】句意:如果你到達機場時碰上什么問題,就打電話給我。
come up with趕上;提出;拿出 set about開始,著手
run into碰撞;遇上,偶然遇到
put aside儲存……備用;置之不理;把……放在一邊
9.【答案】B。
【解析】句意:他在巴黎出公差時學了一些法語。
make out裝作;理解,辨認出;(開展pick up拾起;再爬起來;無意地學會)
give up放棄,停(中)止; 投降,泄氣;泄露 take in (參見第7題)
10.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:這個想法使我迷惑不解,我停了幾秒鐘想把他弄清楚。
make out (參見第9題)make off匆忙離去,逃走
make up彌補,拼湊成;配制;組成;虛構,整理;
make over轉讓,移交;改造;改制;改寫
11.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:我們原來考慮賣掉這件舊家具,但我們現在決定留著它。它可能還有用。
hold on to緊緊抓住;不放棄
keep up with跟上,與……保持接觸
turn to轉向;求助于;變成;結果成為;著手;
look after照看,照管;目送
12.【答案】B。
【解析】句意:那些森林警衛經常發現一些營火沒有被完全熄滅。
turn down (使)翻下來;關小(燈光);拒絕,駁回;
put out熄滅;撲滅;出產;出版
put away(參見第3題)turn out(參見第7題)
13.【答案】B。
【解析】句意:戰爭爆發前,許多人把那些不能隨身帶走的財產存放在安全的地方。
throw away扔掉,拋棄; put away(參見第3題)
give away背棄,泄露(秘密),分送;放棄;
carry away運(搬,帶)走;使著迷,
14.【答案】B。
【解析】句意:我們想在天黑之前趕回家,但是結果并非象計劃好的那樣。
make out (參見第9題)turn out(參見第7題)
go on往前走,繼續,進行;接著做某事(go to do sth.);
come up走近;上(樓)來;(從土中)長出,發芽;上升;
15.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:這不是一個很嚴重的病,她很快就會痊愈的。
get over(參見第5題)
get on with繼續(做某事);與……和睦相處
get around走動;避開(規章等);傳開;忙于工作;
get out of下車,離開;擺脫;說出;傳出去;泄漏;打聽出
16.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:在退休后,為保持健康,約翰遜教授把經常騎自行車作為鍛煉。
take up舉(拿)起;占(地方);費(時間);溶解;開始;開始從事,開始學;
catch on理解,明白;抓住;找到工作
carry out開展,實現,完成,進行到底;貫徹,執行
make for有利于……,有助于……;造成;促進;走向;沖向;
17.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:期末考試就要到了。我們該著手搞學習了。
get down to開始認真考慮;著手辦理(某事)
get out (參見第15題)
get back for回來;取回 get over(參見第5題)
18.【答案】B。
【解析】句意:那位科學家從事他畢生的發現有價值的化學制品的工作已經十年了.
make for(參見第16題) set out出發,開始;陳述,闡明,提出(理由)
take off取(脫)下;拆下;切除;起飛;扣除;
turn up(參見第18題) 向上翻;開大點,扭亮;露面,來到;
19.【答案】A。
【解析】句意:他無意中說出他與妻子吵了一架,他已經兩周沒有歸家了。
let out放出;泄漏;放寬(大,長);出租
take care當心,留神
make sure確定;確信,證實 make out(參見第9題)
20.【答案】C。
【解析】句意:在一些西方國家,對工商管理碩士的需求已經下降了。
turn down (參見第12題)
turn over (使)翻過來;交給,轉動;翻閱(書刊)
fall down跌倒; 倒塌下來;下跌
fall over落在……之上,臉朝下跌倒.