高考英語“短文改錯(cuò)”命題分析及應(yīng)試策略

“短文改錯(cuò)”在高考英語卷中屬考查考生綜合運(yùn)用英語語言能力的題型。把握好該題型，考生不僅應(yīng)具備扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)知識，更應(yīng)具備良好的語言分析、運(yùn)用能力。縱觀歷年高考，該題型使很多考生望而生畏。原因是，考生英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識不扎實(shí)，缺乏解答該題型的應(yīng)試策略。

一、考綱對短文改錯(cuò)題的要求

在一篇約100個(gè)單詞的短文中，要求考生判斷是否有誤，如有，將其改正。錯(cuò)誤類型包括詞法、句法、行文邏輯等。該題考查考生在語篇中綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力。

二、短文改錯(cuò)題的題型特點(diǎn)

1. 選文特點(diǎn)：題材多為日常生活，與學(xué)生生活實(shí)際聯(lián)系非常緊密。語言淺易，語句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，多數(shù)考生閱讀理解不會有困難。

2. 設(shè)錯(cuò)特點(diǎn)。縱觀歷年高考真題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：短文中所出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤是較為常見的錯(cuò)誤，并不難發(fā)現(xiàn)與改正。三種錯(cuò)誤當(dāng)中，錯(cuò)一詞居多，多一詞或少一詞次之。從94年至今，全國卷中，正確的行每年一個(gè)。

3. 錯(cuò)誤特點(diǎn)。其實(shí)，每年考綱中都講得非常清楚和具體，即錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)往往在詞法、句法、行文邏輯等項(xiàng)目上。

4. 考查特點(diǎn)。短文改錯(cuò)題側(cè)重考查考生對短文語境的理解。考生必須從語境（上下文）中總體把握，才能較容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤、判斷和糾正錯(cuò)誤。

5. 對考生的要求：考生必須按試題上面的要求答題。

三、作短文改錯(cuò)題的策略

由于短文改錯(cuò)題側(cè)重考查考生對語境和語篇的理解，考生在做該題時(shí)，最重要的是要先通讀短文，掌握大意，按照短文語境的線索去發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤；再由于短文改錯(cuò)題的命題特點(diǎn)中的設(shè)錯(cuò)特點(diǎn)是詞法、句法和行文邏輯，所以，分析、判斷、糾錯(cuò)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在詞法、句法和行文邏輯上。下面我結(jié)合近6年的高考短文改錯(cuò)真題，在詞法、句法和行文邏輯上談?wù)効忌龆涛母腻e(cuò)題時(shí)應(yīng)具備的策略。

1. 在詞法方面：歷年高考短文改錯(cuò)題側(cè)重考查名詞、動詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、動名詞以及連詞。

1）名詞：名詞一般改錯(cuò)為：應(yīng)根據(jù)語境，將單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。

She said that she and my schoolmate ... me success，——schoolmates(00-2)

So that I’ll get good marks in all my subject.—— subjects.(01-6)

... I was busy taking picture.—— pictures (02-6)

Their word were a great encouragement to me.——words.(03-10)

a few minute on the great Internet.—— minutes.(04-10)

But one and a half year later， ——years (05-4)

They have all sorts of course.——courses(06-79)

2）動詞：動詞方面的設(shè)錯(cuò)主要在時(shí)態(tài)上。例：

As we...we fed monkeys，visiting temples and told stories. visited (02-5)

The time passes quickly. —— passed (02-7)

I followed her advice and should put down...each day. 去掉should (03-5)

She liked it very much and reads it to the class.——read

(03-9)

...will write again and send you the photos we take together.——took (05-10)

I will send my....when you arrived.——arrive (06-84)

3）冠詞：冠詞在短文設(shè)錯(cuò)中設(shè)錯(cuò)，縱觀2001年至2006年高考真題，6年考查了4次，設(shè)錯(cuò)特點(diǎn)一般為錯(cuò)用、多用或少用。例如：

We may be ... and live under a same roof.——the (01-7)

... it is∧ famous mountain...and animals.——a (02-1)

My teacher advised me keep my diary.——a (03-4)

I hope you have had ∧ pleasant journey.——a (05-8)

4）形、副詞：形、副詞在短文設(shè)錯(cuò)中的設(shè)錯(cuò)特點(diǎn)一般在形、副詞的作用上，例如：

Evening came down.——去掉down(02-8)

Recently though，many ...of the Internet.——去掉 though

(04-4)

Trying to steal person information for bad purposes. personal.(04-7)

Finding information on the Net is easily. ——easy (04-8)

My pronunciation was terribly.——terrible (05-3)

Will you come to China... sometimes in the future？Sometime

(05-9)

It is about 200 miles far away from....——去掉far(06-77)

I know you are particular interested in...——particularly

(06-81)

5）動名詞：動名詞在短文改錯(cuò)中的設(shè)錯(cuò)一般在以下兩個(gè)方面：作賓語，作主語。

Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself.——talking (03-6)

It’s like going to a huge library without have books.——having （04-3）

2. 在句法方面：重點(diǎn)考查考生對句子類型、主謂一致以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。例：

...will do all they can∧make sure that I ...education.——to

(01-3)

It was about noon ∧ we arrived ... the mountain. ——when

(02-3)

I was so tired that I ...at the moment my head torched... ——去掉at(02-10)

The main problem was in that I ... in Chinese. ——去掉in(03-20)

One day I wrote a little story and showed ∧ to my teacher.——it(03-8)

Their word were a great encouragement to me.——words

(03-10)

But not all information are good to society. ——is (04-9)

I now think English ∧ fun to learn . ——is (05-5)

I hand not interest in English.——no (05-2)

I am sure you will find one you like it.——去掉it (06-82)

Here are the information about.... is (06-76)

So I will see that there is something......——if / whether

(06-82)

3. 行文邏輯：行文邏輯設(shè)錯(cuò)旨在考查考生對句子中各成分之間關(guān)系的理解，要作好該題，必須重視語境，加強(qiáng)語篇分析，才能較容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。例：

It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.——or (01-9)

The three of them were very excited. As we climbed...——us(02-4)

The food was expensive and the service was good. but (02-9)

4. 習(xí)慣短語：習(xí)慣短語是短文改錯(cuò)中的重點(diǎn)考查項(xiàng)目。見下列真題。

in any other words——去掉any(01-2）

They do not want me to do any work at family.—— home. (01-5）

You can find all kinds∧ information. ——of （04-1）

For example ...such information like how to kill people. ——as （04-10）

I am writing to thank you with your kind help .——for （05-1）

Both your aunt or I look... ——and (06-85)

I will send my friend Charlie∧meet you at... to (06-83)

研究以上真題，習(xí)慣短語設(shè)錯(cuò)項(xiàng)，不偏、不怪、不難。都是日常生活中常用的基本習(xí)語。要作好該題，考生在平時(shí)要加大對習(xí)慣短的理解、總結(jié)和歸納；同時(shí)，在作題時(shí)，必須緊扣語境，才是做好該題的最佳策略。

綜上所述，只要考生掌握了比較扎實(shí)的英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識，吃透考綱，了解短文設(shè)錯(cuò)試題的命題特點(diǎn)，在把握語境的前提下，具備良好的應(yīng)試策略，即認(rèn)真在詞法、句法、行文邏輯和習(xí)慣短語等項(xiàng)目上深入探究，按試題要求行事，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷和糾正錯(cuò)誤。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

［1］1996-2005年考試說明.

［2］試題研究.2005年第7輯，新疆青少年出版社.

［3］十年高考.