摘 要:作為一種獨特的語言變體,兒童語言有著自身獨特的表現形式。文學作品中,英語的兒童語言通過詞匯、語法、句法變異等手段來體現,而漢語則主要通過詞匯變異來顯示其差異。兩者之間的不對等給英語兒童語言的漢譯帶來了很大的困難。本文旨在通過對《哈克貝里·芬歷險記》兩種譯文的比較來探討英語兒童語言的漢譯方法。
關鍵詞:兒童語言 文學作品翻譯
一、英語兒童語言的特征
卡特福德(J·C·Catford)在他的《翻譯的語言學》一書中指出:“全部語言”(whole language)概念下有一個“亞語言”(sub-language)的概念,而亞語言指的就是全部語言中的各種變體。“一種語言變體就是與一種特定類型的社會環境特征有關的形式和(或)實體特征的子集。”卡特福德進一步指出,語言的各個層面上都可以顯示出特定變體的特征:語音、音位、圖形、語法以及詞匯層面;各語言除了有一些共同特征(如語法、詞匯、音位形式)外,還具有自己的特色。
兒童語言也屬于語言變體的一種,有著自身獨特的表現形式。英語文學作品中,兒童語言主要通過語音、詞匯、語法等變異手段來體現,其中極品莫過文學巨匠馬克·吐溫的《哈克貝里·芬歷險記》。
海明威曾說:“所有的現代美國文學,都起自馬克·吐溫的一本叫做《哈克貝里·芬歷險記》的書……這是我們中間最好的一本書。”該作用生動地道的口語和方言描繪19世紀中期內戰前的真實的美國:白人小孩哈克為了躲避父親的毒打,黑奴吉姆則想擺脫被女主人賣掉的厄運,兩人在逃亡路上不期而遇,于是結伴乘木筏順密西西比河而下,奔向北部的自由洲,并結下了深刻的友誼。
這部小說一大突出特點是以哈克的口吻來敘述。在哈克童言童語的講述中,故事栩栩如生,活靈活現,讀者仿佛置身其中。在作者匠心獨運的雕琢下,小哈克的語言真實生動,充滿童趣。其特征大致概括如下:
1.詞匯特征
哈克使用的詞匯大部分出自本族詞盎格魯撒克遜語,這些詞的特點是短小、具體,而且效果直接,另外,哈克的語言中還頻繁出現口頭短語,充分展現其口語化特征。再有,哈克詞匯量很有限,往往出現短短一段話中重復使用某詞的現象。
例(1):
She said she wouldn’t let me go by myself, but her husband would be in by and by, maybe in an hour and a half, and she’d send him along with me. Then he got to talking about his husband, and about her relations up the river, and her relations down the river, and about how much better off they used to was, and how they didn’t know but they’d made a mistake coming to our town, instead of letting well alone—and so on and so on, till I was afeard of I had made a mistake coming to her to find out what was going on in the town; but by and by she dropped on to pap and the murder, and then I was pretty willing to let her clatter right along. She told about me and Tom Sawyer finding the twelve thousand dollars (only she got it twenty) and all about pap and what a hard lot I was, and at last she got down to where I was murdered.
例(2):
I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hod, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon: then the whiskey-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; I took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skilled coffee-pot. I took fish-lines and matches and other things, everything that was worth a cent. I cleaned out the place. I wanted an ax, but there wasn’t any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun and now I was done.
2.語法特征
小哈克所犯下的語法錯誤可謂數不勝數,俯拾即是。其語法錯誤主要表現為:雙重否定表示否定、不區分單復數、不規則詞尾變化、主謂不符等。
例(1):
I never said nothing, because I warn’t expecting nothing different; but I knowed mighty well that whenever he got his plan ready it wouldn’t have none of them objections to it.
例(2):
Well, early one morning we hid a raft in a good safe place about two mile below a little bit of a shabby village, named Pikesville…
例(3):
So I started for town in the wagon, and when I was halfway I see(=saw) a wagon coming , and sure enough it was Tom Sawyer, and I stopped and waited till he come(=came) along. I says(=said) “Hold on!” and it stopped alongside…
例(4):
In the morning we was up at break of day, and down to the nigger cabins to pet the dogs and make friends with the nigger that fed Jim —if it was Jim that was fed. The nigger was just getting through breakfast and starting for the fields; and Jim’s nigger was piling up a tin pan with bread and meat and things: and whilst the others was leaving, the key come from the house.
3. 句法特征
鑒于哈克語言口語化特征鮮明,其句子短小,結構簡單,最常見的是包括一個主謂結構的簡單句,及用and, but,then 或分號連接的并列句,偶爾出現復合句。
例(1):
It made me shiver. And I about made my mind to pray, and see if I couldn’t try to quit being the kind of boy I was and be better. So I kneeled down. But the words wouldn’t come. Why wouldn’t they? It warn’t no use to try and hide it from him. Nor from me , neither. I knowed very why they wouldn’t come? It was because my heart warn’t right; it was because I warn’t square; it was because I was playing double. I was letting on to give up sin, but away inside of me I was holding on to the biggest one of all. I was trying to make my mouth say I would do the right thing and the clean thing, and go right to the nigger’s owner and tell where he was; but deep down in me I knowed it was a lie, and he knowed it. You cannot pray a lie—I found that out.
二、英語兒童語言的漢譯
文學作品中,英語的兒童語言通過語音、詞匯、語法變異等手段來體現,而漢語則主要通過詞匯變異來顯示其差異。兩者之間的不平衡性給英語文學作品中的兒童語言的漢譯帶來了很大的困難。下面以《哈克》為例,來探討英漢文學作品翻譯中兒童語言漢譯的處理方式。本文比較的是張萬里和許汝祉所譯的兩種版本。
例1:I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hod, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon: then the whiskey-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; I took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skilled coffee-pot. I took fish-lines and matches and other things, everything that was worth a cent. I cleaned out the place. I wanted an ax, but there wasn’t any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun and now I was done.
這段文字是哈克描述自己出逃前的準備活動。哈克被道格拉斯夫人收養后,被逼進校讀書,僥幸認識幾個字,但他厭惡上學,經常逃學上課,在所選的這段敘述中,可以看出哈克的語言特色在詞匯和語法層面都有所反映。
下面讓我們來看以下這段文字的漢譯:
張譯:我把那口袋玉米面背到藏獨木船的地點,撥開藤蘿和樹枝,把他放在小船上。我又把那腌好的半支咸豬扛來,然后再抱那個酒瓶;我把所有的咖啡和白糖都拿來了,還加上所有的彈藥:我拿了塞彈藥的東西,還有水桶和水瓢;拿了一把勺子和一個洋鐵杯,我那把舊鋸和兩條毯子,還有平底鍋和咖啡壺。我還拿了魚絲和火柴,和許多別的東西——凡是有點用處的東西都拿來了。我把那個地方給搬空了。我需要一把斧子,可屋里沒有,只有外面劈柴堆那里放著的那把,但是我要把它留下是有緣故的。我把槍也拿來,現在我算是預備好了。
許譯:我拿了那袋玉米粉,拿到藏那只獨木舟的地方,撥開了藤蘿枝椏,放到了小舟上。接著把那塊腌肉和威士忌酒瓶放到了小舟上。還拿走了所有的咖啡和糖,還有所有的火藥,也全部帶走。我還帶走了塞炸藥的填料,還有水桶和水瓢。還有一只勺子和一只洋鐵杯子。還有我那把鋸子和兩條毛毯。還有平底鍋和咖啡壺。我還帶走了釣魚竿、火柴和諸如此類的東西——凡是值一分錢以上的東西,一股腦帶走。我把那個地方都給搬空了。我需要一把斧子,不過沒有多的了,只有柴堆那邊唯一的一把了。我懂得為什么把這個留下來。我找出了那桿槍。這樣,我此時此刻,一切都搞定了。
讓我們看一下譯文中對于這些語言特色的處理。首先,在詞匯層面上:哈克使用的詞匯,除了源自法語的ammunition之外,大部分都出自本族盎格魯撒克遜語。這些詞匯短小、具體、而效果直接,在短短一段文字中,重復七次使用took一詞,表明哈克的詞匯很少,無法變換自己的詞匯來描述自己的行為。也許哈克也意識到了這一點,因而在最后一句話中使用了fetch一詞,但因不常使用該詞,哈克對其用法并不了解。Fetch 本身是及物動詞,他卻在后面加了out,這顯示了小哈克急于向讀者展示他的學識,但又弄巧成拙,充分體現出他的童趣。
張譯對這些詞匯變異采用漢語的口語詞來處理,如把canoe譯成“小船”或“獨木船”,把 wadding譯成“塞彈藥的東西”。許譯也是采用詞匯手段來反映原文的詞匯特色,如“值一分錢以上的東西”、“一股腦”都具有顯著的口語化特色。對于 took的重復使用,兩種譯文都采用了相應的重復手段,比如兩文都使用了好幾個“拿”、“還”等詞,在詞匯層面達到了統一。張譯除使用“拿”、“還”之外,還使用了一些其他動詞,如“背”、“扛”和“抱”,這在某種程度上增加了譯文的可讀性,但似乎與作者重復使用took來表現詞匯缺乏這一創作目的相背離。相比較之下,許譯特意重復使用“拿”、“帶”等詞匯,充分體現作者這一創作目的,因而更加忠實于原文風貌。但是筆者以為,兩篇譯文在處理詞匯時還有不當之處。如張譯中把I knowed why I was going to leave that譯成“但是我要把它留下是有緣故的”,而“緣故”一詞在漢語中屬書面語體,較為正式,很難想象會出自一個受過很少教育的孩子之口,這種譯法也抹煞了哈克的童趣。許譯采用懂得一詞,雖比張譯口語化一些,但是哈克的天真味道在譯文中仍沒有體現。張譯還把Now I was done 譯成“現在我算是預備好了”。 I was done在英語當中是極為口語化的表達方式,而“預備好了”在中文中就屬于正式語體了,因而與原文風格不符;許汝祉將其譯為“一切都搞定了”,無論是在語體上還是在體現哈克的語言風格上都達到了與原文的對等。但是許汝祉卻把哈克口中的now譯成文縐縐的四字短語“此時此刻”,反而不如張譯中的直譯“現在”,這似乎又與他自己的翻譯原則相背離。
其次,在語法層面上,句中不合語法的成分進一步展示了哈克受教育的程度,如把I did the same 說成I done the same。兩位譯者也只是把它們當作正常的語法來翻譯。這是因為漢語中的動詞并無形態之分,找不到相應的變體的表現形式。
再次,在句法層次上,大部分句子都是由一系列的then, and以及分號充當連接詞連接的簡單句或并列句。兩種譯文對于句法上的變異是通過重復使用連接詞“還”來處理的。對于像I took all the sugar and coffee there was這種句法變異,譯者也未采取任何特殊的處理手段,分別直譯成“我把咖啡和糖都拿來了”和“還拿走了所有的咖啡和糖”,兩者在意義上并無差別。但是筆者以為,對于句法結構上的變異,譯者還可以在譯文的詞匯上作些改變,來體現原文的這種變化,竊譯為“所有的咖啡和糖我都沒有放過”。
哈克的語言除了具有鮮明的口語化色彩外,還充滿了童趣,這就要求譯者在翻譯時,當多多加入一些具有兒童色彩的表達方式,以求讀者能夠了解到哈克的天真與機智。
三、小結
文學作品中的兒童語言,英語通過詞匯、語法、句法變異來刻畫童心童趣,而漢語則主要通過詞匯變異來實現,這種表達方式上的不對等,給兒童語言的翻譯帶來了很大的困難。由以上對哈克語言翻譯的分析可以看出,兒童語言的翻譯不可能是形式上的對等,也不可能做到形式上的對等,只能是在吃透原文的基礎上,充分發揮漢語詞匯的特點,采取靈活變通的手段,盡量重現兒童的天真可愛,在風格上達到與原作的“神似”,也就是奈達所提出的“譯文在譯語讀者中產生的效果應等同于原文在原文讀者中產生的效果”。當然,完全的對等是無法實現的,譯者所能做的是增大這種對等的程度。
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