倒裝是英語中一種重要的修辭手段。倒裝句的使用豐富了我們的語言表達。了解并掌握倒裝句各種句式的用法,不僅會提高我們對英語語言的欣賞能力,真正貼切全面地理解句子里作者所要表達的內在涵意及感情色彩,對我們英語表達能力的提高也將大有裨益。準確地理解并掌握它,對于英語文章的理解及英語寫作都會有很大幫助。總體而言,英語倒裝結構的修辭功能有以下幾種。
一、突出信息,加強語氣
倒裝形式是一種常用的強調方式(王佐良,1999:106),為了突出強調句子的某個成分,增強語言表現力,常使用倒裝結構,其表現形式如下:
1.表語前置。如Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland。(我們的祖國遼闊、美麗而偉大)句中表語移到句首而不放在句末,突出了其意義,加強了語氣。句子更加顯得感情強烈、充沛,充分表達了說話人對自己祖國的熱愛之情。又如Most true is it that“beauty is in the eyes of the gazer.”(“美存在于凝視者的眼里”,這話是很真實的)此句用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。
2.賓語前置。把賓語放在支配它的動詞前面,是為了突出賓語所表述的內容。如The emotional isolation, the preoccupation with God and themselves, the preoccupation with God and themselves, the struggles for freedom, which seems to have possessed many of my friends at the same age, I knew almost nothing of.句中將knew almost nothing of的賓語前置,主要是為了突出謂語所表示的內容。又如Her name be couldn’t recall, but recognized the face.(他不能回憶起她的名字,但卻認出了她的長相)此句賓語的倒裝具有較強的表現力,可以起到對比的作用。
3.狀語前置。狀語前置是為了加強語勢、突出重點。如Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.(他剛到她就開始發起牢騷來)。
4.強調謂語。主謂倒裝就是把謂語放在主語前面,以便突出謂語所表述的內容,平衡句子結構。如Then occurred the event that was to change his career.謂語occurred連同其狀語then放在主語前面,是為了強調事件的發生及其時間。在使用被動語態的句子中,有時為了突出動作的承受者,也就是使主語位于句末這一顯著的位置而使句意更加生動,往往也把謂語提到主語的前面形成倒裝句。例如:The first thing I dug up was a piece of cloth, and wrapped in it were five silver dollars./Awarded the excellent student was an ordinary novel.
二、承上啟下,銜接緊密
倒裝結構在加強語氣的同時,還兼有承上啟下的作用,從而使前后兩句在意思上的關系更加清楚,銜接更加緊密。例如:The girl who loves him so deeply finds herself unable to forgive his mistake. Around this point develops the sketch, which is humourous and full of a strange local flavour.(那個鐘愛他的姑娘覺得她不能饒恕他的錯誤。圍繞這一點就寫成了這一短劇,它不但幽默,而且充滿了濃郁的地方風味。)第二句用作倒裝是由于句首Around this point與上文銜接的緣故。
又如,The picture shows an engine partly cut away so that the cooling system can be seen. Around the engine cylinder is a water jacket. This jacket is an……(此圖顯示出一臺發動機的局部剖面, 以便使人能看到冷卻系統。在發動機氣缸的周圍,有一只水套。這只水套……)句中表語around……cylinder置于句首,而把主語a water jacket放在句末,完全是為了“承上啟下”———前者承上句中的an engine,后者引出下句中的This jacket……
三、渲染氣氛,增進感情
在新聞或文學創作中,有時為了內容的需要,或是為了強調,作者常常運用倒裝來制造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:Not untill I became a mother did I understand how much my mother had sacrificed for me; not untill I became a mother did I feel how hurt my mother was when I disabeyed; not untill I became a mother did I know how proud my mother was when I achieved; not untill I became a mother did I realize how much my mother loves me.
作者使用了四個倒裝的排比句表達了對母愛的深刻理解,同時入木三分地表現了作者對母親的敬愛,從而引起讀者感情上的共鳴。如果用正常語序表達則顯得平淡無奇,難以打動讀者。
再如朗費羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節:Out of the bosom of the Air,/Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,/Over the harvest-fields forsaken,/Silent, and soft, and slow,/Descends the snow.
在這一節詩里,詩人就富有創意地運用了倒裝。在前五行中,詩人堆砌了七個狀語,“從天空中、從云層中、在樹林上、在田莊上、靜靜地、輕輕地、悠悠地”,狀語連續出現而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露,造成一種懸念效應。直到全節詩的最后,讀者才對詩歌的主題恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術效果。
四、平衡結構,避免頭重腳輕
英語修辭的一個重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。為了更清楚地表達句義,人們在語序上調整主語和謂語的位置以使結構平衡。如
A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一個連隊的解放軍戰士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
從例句中可看出,采用倒裝語序的A句結構平衡穩妥,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結構零亂,讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長時就應采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達效果。
五、描述生動,形象逼真
在描寫一個情景時,有時為了敘述或描繪更加生動形象,增加語言效果,可以把out, in, up, down, away, off, on之類表示方向的副詞或bang,crack等擬聲詞放在主語前面,同時把主語和謂語的位置倒換。這種倒裝不僅使語言更加生動,情景更加逼真,而且表現力更強。比如我們要表達“從樹林里沖出一只老虎”。如果用正常語序應該是:A tiger rushed out from the woods.語氣極平淡而無氣氛。如果改用倒裝語序來表達同樣的意思:Out rushed a tiger from the woods.倒裝句式立刻使句意生輝,把那種突如其來的危險氣氛誼染得極其生動,使讀者有如身臨其境之感。再請看下面一段話:
“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away,up和out位于句首引出四個倒裝句Away they run,Away they fly,up go the window,out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛,生動地刻畫了一個緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。
六、突出韻律和節奏
有時倒裝的使用也是出于韻律和節奏的需要,這主要見于詩歌、歌曲一類的韻文體中。詩人為強調某種情思或根據分行、押韻、節奏的需要,往往自由地調整語序。如著名的英國歌曲《老黑奴》中:
Old Black Joe(老黑奴)/Gone are the days when my heart young and gay;/Gone are the days from the cotton fields away;/Gone from the earth to a better land I Know,……
倒裝結構的運用使得歌曲韻律鏗鏘,同時也造成了排比句式的使用,增強了歌曲的表現力。
At night there came into the hostelry
Some nine and twenty in a company
Of sundry folk happening to fall
In fellowship, and they were pilgrims all.
That towards Canterbury meant to ride.
The Canterbury Tales: The Prologue Geoffrey Chaucer
Some nine and twenty in a company是came into the hostelry的主語,這里把謂語提前,主語放在后面,一是出于句子平衡的考慮,再者也使句勢顯得剛健。用四行詩句描寫臨時湊到一起的朝拜者,使我們眼前仿佛出現了這浩浩蕩蕩的朝拜者的隊伍。‘That towards Canterbury meant to ride’一行中,為了押韻的需要,把狀語放在了前面。正常的語序應是That meant to ride towards Canterbury.
The sun is not abed when I
At night upon pillow lie;
Still round the earth his way he takes,
And morning after morning makes.
R. T. Stevenson
這節詩的韻律安排是aabb,為了押韻,把第三行takes和第四行的makes移到它們前面的賓語后面。詩行打破了正常的語序,使得詩歌韻律優美,讀來朗朗上口。
At length did cross an Albatross,
Through the fog it came;
As if it had been a Christmas soul,
We hailed it in god’s name.
這節詩中的狀語前置主要是為了協調韻律:第一,at length若不前置,則詩的第一行為An albatross crossed at length.其節奏為V--V----VV--,將at length提前,則可加一個助動詞did而構成At length did cross an Albatross,其節奏為V--V--V--V--,不僅節奏更加和諧,而且也強調了an Albatross的終于出現。第二,如果Through the fog不提前,則無法使第二行的came與第四行的name押韻。
(作者單位:洛陽師范學院外國語學院)