議論文類完形填空解題指導與訓練

一、文章特點

議論文是一種通過“剖析事物，論述事理，提出主張，發表見解”的文體。議論文三要素是論點（作者的觀點，也就是被證明的對象）、論據（用來證明論點的依據，是說明論點的理由和材料）和論證（運用論據證明論點的過程與方法）。

高考議論型短文分為兩種，一種是夾敘夾議型短文；另一種是純議論型短文。第一種的基本模式是：敘述事件，提出感悟，作出結論。第二種的基本模式是：提出問題→分析問題→解決問題。純議論型短文有以下特點：

(1)鮮明的觀點。一開始就旗幟鮮明，挑明主題(thesis)，一般來說每一段的第一句一般都是top sentence，然后再逐步展開。

(2)合理的論證。提出相關的理由來有力地支持自己的觀點。這些理由旨在回答一個基本問題，即：Why do you think so?提倡引用統計數字和事例來作證。

(3)推理的條理性和邏輯性。有時會較多地使用這類性質的過渡詞和連接詞。

二、解題技巧

根據議論文的文體特點，我們在解題時應該考慮使用以下技巧：

技巧一：關注首句，領會大意。

通過理解文章的首句，我們可以明確短文話題，了解篇章結構，預測全文內容。通過理解段落的首句，也可明確每段的大意。

技巧二：根據前后語境，上下聯系。

有時只需從空格所在的句子的上文或下文考慮；有時需要從空格所在句子的前后2-3句考慮；還有的可能要從整個段落或整篇文章給予考慮，才可選出正確選項。上下文提供的信息對應關系以及詞語的重復使用，對解答完形填空也非常有用。

對于文中生詞的處理，有的可以通過句法分析判斷詞性，根據上下文猜測其大意；對不影響文章理解和解題的生詞可以跳過不管。

技巧三：根據詞語辨析。

理解句子含義，判斷句義關系，從詞匯的意義、用法和搭配考慮，把握整體意思，尋找答題線索。

三、實例分析

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21—30各題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

Why is it that we tend to value relationships more once they’ve ended? Is it simply human nature to____21____the smile of someone close， the friendship of a relative， and the concern of a neighbor? At the moment， we think that these people will be ____22____forever.

Most of us never stop to imagine all those who have a deep impact on our lives. It’s so easy to justify this____23____attitude by saying we are too busy， too tired， too involved with work， too concerned about money， and the list of ____24____goes on and on. So ____25____a friendship may be put off for one day， and then another. Before long， feelings have ____26____， and there is less encouraging to get together.

Usually， something ____27____must happen to change this indifference and stop one leading a routine existence. Perhaps it’s something shocking， like a death， a divorce， sudden illness， an accident — something stunning to force taking notice. Then comes the guilt， the ____28____of feelings， the sadness of loss.

We ____29____to have those precious moments once again， to share and express our feelings. Instead of waiting for an excuse， why not take the action， and spend quality time with the people you ____30____. Let them know how really important they are.

21. A. take into consideration

B. take for granted

C. take after

D. take care of

22. A. aroundB. outC. overD. deep

23. A. thoughtfulB. serious

C. irresponsibleD. casual

24. A. causes B. reasons

C. excuses D. thoughts

25. A. makingB. enjoying

C. creatingD. imagining

26. A. increased B. faded

C. strengthened D. disappeared

27. A. dramaticB. terrified

C. precious D. impressive

28. A. re-amusementB. re-comment

C. re-assessment D. re-encouragement

29. A. tend B. long

C. pretend D. hesitate

30. A. encourageB. appreciate

C. noticed D. value

答案與分析：

本文是一篇純議論型短文，講述的是我們應該珍惜人與人之間的各種關系、友誼——不要等到失去了才知道珍惜。文章結構是：提出問題→分析問題→解決問題。文章的首句就通過一個反問句來提出問題：我們要到失去了才知道珍惜人與人之間的各種關系？文章的第二和第三短開始分析了為什么我們不去珍惜維系這些友誼的原因，即：Why do you think so?最后一段是解決問題：我們應該多花時間去珍惜應該珍惜之人。

第21—22題可結合首句選出正確答案。本文首句不設空，通過一個反問句來提出問題：為什么我們要等到失去了才知道珍惜人與人之間的各種關系？由此句可以推斷出21和22題的答案。

21題，本句也是一個反問句，與首句相呼應。本句意為：我們不要想當然（take... for granted）地認為好友的微笑、親戚的友誼和鄰居的關心是人的自然本性。故選B。

22題，句意是“此時我們會認為這些人永遠會在我們身旁(will be around forever)”，故選A。

第23—26題由第二段的第一句推斷出來。該句大意為“大部分人都不會停下自己的事情去想象（注意stop to do的用法）對我們有著深遠影響的人”。因此，我們只會采取敷衍的、隨意的（casual）態度對待自己的朋友，并且找到各種借口（excuses）。這樣的話，享受(enjoying)友誼只能一天天的推遲，一直到朋友間的感情慢慢的淡化（faded）。由此得出13—26的答案分別是DCBB。

27題根據后文去推斷。根據后文it’s something shocking， like a death， a divorce， sudden illness， an accident。這些事情應該是“戲劇性的、出人意料的(dramatic)”，故選A。

28題，意外事件的影響是：負疚感，感情的重新評估(re-assessment)，失去朋友的悲傷。故選C。

29題可根據詞語辨析選出正確答案。long to do意為“渴望做某事”。

30題可根據議論文結構選項正確答案。本文結構是：提出問題→分析問題→解決問題。

30題是文章的最后一句，即解決問題：我們不要等候借口，我們要采取行動，同自己珍惜（value）的人好好地過高質量的生活。與文章的首句相呼應。故選D。

四、即時練習

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21—30各題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑

(1)

An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer of his plans to leave the ____21____business to live a more leisurely life with his wife and enjoy his extended family.

The employer was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes， but over time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He____22____bad workmanship and used materials of poor quality. It was an ____23____way to end a dedicated career.

When the carpenter finished his work， his employer came to ____24____the house. Then he handed the front-door ____25____to the carpenter and said， “This is your house... my gift to you.”

The carpenter was ____26____!

What a shame!If he had only known he was building his own house， he would have done it all so ____27 ____.

So it is with us. We build our lives， a day at a time， often putting less than our ____28____ into the building. Then， with a shock， we realize we have to live in the house we have built. If we could do it over， we would do it much differently.

But， you cannot go back. You are the carpenter. Your ____29____， and the choices you make today， help build the “house” you will live in tomorrow. Therefore， ____30____wisely!

21. A. baby-sitting B. job-hunting

C. house-buildingD. furniture-repairing

22. A. turned to B. gave up

C. dedicated to D. got down to

23. A. unacceptableB. unavoidable

C. unbelievable D. unsuitable

24. A. auction B. inspect

C. decorate D. sell

25. A. key B. handle

C. lockD. frame

26. A. disappointed B. shocked

C. delightedD. bored

27. A. patientlyB. carefully

C. differentlyD. beautifully

28. A. most B. worst

C. farthest D. best

29. A. attitude B. skill

C. workmanshipD. thought

30. A. think B. employ

C. retire D. build

(2)

If a person has no true joy in his heart， he will not find true joy outside though he is in heaven itself， and in the company of angels. Heaven must be ____21 ____right here， right now， within ourselves if we are to experience it ever.

A stream extending itself too far into a desert will go dry. Man too dries up ____22____， spiritually and emotionally， when he extends himself too far in his search for outward ____23____. The wellspring of enjoyment lies in his____24____self. The more truly he lives in himself， the more ____25____will his outer life be， also.

Mans inner self is the ____26____that feeds all his knowing， all that he can enjoy on earth. If he____27____it， all his awareness must wither and die. If one neglects a spring， it may ____28up and stop flowing. You have only to look into the eyes of ____29____unaware people， especially as they grow older， to see what has happened to them. It is only by making friends with his inner Self first that he can ever make friends with the____30____.

21. A. accompanied B. experienced

C. discoveredD. experimented

22. A. outsideB. inside

C. deep D. farther

23. A. concernsB. cares

C. pleasures D. emotions

24. A. outerB. whole

C. old D. inner

25. A. rewarding B. desiring

C interesting D. challenging

26. A. gardener B. master

C. springD. autumn

27. A. dismissesB. admits

C. discouragesD. neglects

28. A. blockB. blow

C. throwD. lift

29. A. physicallyB. thoughtfully

C. spiritually D. emotionally

30. A. lordB. heaven

C. angel D. world

(3)

Desire is one of the great contradictory statements of being human. We find desire both at the heart of our greatest ____21____and of our greatest suffering. Sometimes we are empowered and uplifted by our desires， and at other times we feel ____22 ____to them.

Our ____23____reach down to the very center of our beings， and if we know how to listen， they will tell us important secrets about the ____24 ____ parts of ourselves. When we are sincere in seeking to truly know and understand ourselves， our desires give us the ____25____to deeper self-knowledge and understanding.

When a desire enters our awareness， it usually takes the form of a ____26____desire to posses a certain THING， or have a certain SITUATION. For example， we may desire things like money， clothes， a new car， chocolate， etc. We may desire ____27____like a romantic relationship， a secure or rewarding job， more free time， or parents who really understand and support us.

Our culture has taught us that the way to achieve____28____is by acquiring the things and situations that we desire. However， by the time we reach adulthood， most of us have noticed that new desires ____29 ____as quickly as we satisfy our old ones. We can see that____30____our desires is a journey without an end， and that lasting happiness is not a product of that journey. If we look closely at our desires， we can understand why this is so.

21. A. angerB. joy

C. wonderD. luck

22. A. enslavedB. endangered

C. enforced D. enclose

23. A. happiness B. sufferings

C. desiresD. relationships

24. A. separate B. whole

C. comparedD. hidden

25. A. keysB. entrances

C. doors D. exits

26. A. abstractB. concrete

C. single D. unique

27. A. affectionsB. communications

C. creations D. situations

28. A. sweetnessB. politeness

C. happiness D. cleanliness

29. A. ariseB. die

C. proceed D. occur

30. A. creatingB. chasing

C. controllingD. obtaining

答案與簡析

(1)這是一篇夾敘夾議型的完形填空，文章先敘述一個小故事：一個老木匠退休前敷衍所做的房子正是老板要送給他的禮物，然后提出感悟：我們應該全神貫注的做好每件事，于人于己。文章的結構是：敘述事件，提出感悟，作出結論。

21. C。根據上文的carpenter以及第二段第一句的build just one more house，可知應該用house-building。

22. A。根據前面一句“木匠表面答應，可是卻無心建造”可知，木匠想要退休了，沒心思，他求助于(turn to)槽糕的工藝來蒙混過關。workmanship意為“工藝，手藝，技巧”。

23. D。老木匠采取這樣的方式敷衍是不合適的(unsuitable)。

24. B。建好房子，老板過來檢查驗收(inspect)房子。根據后文可知老板過來把房子送給木匠，不是來裝修。

25. A。根據后文，把房子送給木匠，因此是給鑰匙給他。

26. B。木匠沒有想到，當然是震驚（shocked）了。

27. C。如果他知道他在建的是屬于自己的房子，他會用不同的方式，不同的態度去建。

28. D。根據上文，木匠做房子沒有盡心盡力，也就是putting less than his best，故選D。本句意為：我們每天在建設自己的生活卻通常不是竭盡所能。

29. A。你今天的態度就是明天你的生活。

30. D。根據上下文，build wisely意為明智的建設自己的人生。

(2)本文講述的是在成長過程中認識自我和自我交朋友的意義。

21. B。本句意思為“如果我們要感受天堂，天堂就一定會在此時此刻的我們的內心當中”。

22. A。根據前文“深入到沙漠深處的小溪會干涸”可知，本句意為“人也一樣，走的太遠去尋找外部的快樂，他的內心在精神和情感上也會干涸”。

23. C。與前面的dries up inside對比，應是outward pleasures。

24. D。表示“內部的自我”是inner self。

25. A。句意為他活得越真實，他的外部生活越有回報(rewarding)。

26. C。根據后文可知應選C。spring在這里意為“泉水，源泉”。

27. D。表示“忽略，忽視”，選neglect。

28. A。如果忽視了源泉，泉水就會阻塞(block up)和斷流。

29. C。根據前文，本句把精神上沒有意識的(spiritually unaware)人比作沒有源泉的人。

30. D。只有和自己的內在自我交朋友才能和世界上的(world)其它人交朋友。

(3)本文講述的是欲望對一個人成長的影響。

21. B。根據上文欲望是人類的一個矛盾體，在我們的心里可以找到快樂的（joy）和帶來痛苦的欲望。

22. A。有時欲望給我們力量和高漲的情緒，在另外一些時候我們被欲望所奴役(enslave)。

23. C。文章的主題是desire，接著上文繼續講述對人的影響。

24. D。根據前文，欲望能到達人的心靈深處，能告訴我們身體里某些隱藏部分的秘密。

25. A。本句意為欲望是更深了解自我的關鍵。the keys to sth意為“……的關鍵”。

26. B。根據后文應是具體的(concrete)事情。

27. D。根據前文欲望以擁有某一個具體的事情和某一種具體的情況(situations)的形式出現。

28. C。本句意為：我們的文化教會我們獲取幸福的途徑是通過不斷地得到我們渴望的具體事物。

29. A。當我們滿足了舊的欲望后，新的欲望又產生了（arise）。

30. B。我們追逐(chase)的欲望是沒有終點的長途旅行。

責任編校蔣小青