讀寫任務(wù)中概要寫作分類指導(dǎo)

邱彩花

寫概要主要是把具體的信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，不能抄襲文章的句子，不能把細節(jié)性的信息作為中心，而要通過對文章中的單詞和句子進行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，重組文章的信息，再用合適的語言進行表述，從而體現(xiàn)考生的概括、重構(gòu)與產(chǎn)出的能力。下面我們結(jié)合實例，談?wù)勅绾螌Σ煌w裁的文章進行概括。

一、記敘文概要的寫法

記敘文包括單純敘事的記敘文、夾敘夾議的記敘文和哲理性的小品文，單純敘事記敘文的概要主要包括以下內(nèi)容：誰？做了什么事？結(jié)果如何？如果是哲理性的小品文，則先按照單純記敘文的概括方法寫，然后再加上作者的看法或觀點以及從中得出的哲理。

[實例一]

Today I was having a PE lesson when I fell down and hurt my foot. I was in great pain at that moment, but I tried to act as if nothing had happened until the class was over. Though I had difficulty walking back to my classroom, I still didnt tell anyone and refused the offer of help of my classmates. As a result, the hurt in my foot became worse. Now I know Im wrong. We can tell others our need for help and accept their help. Some day we can help others in return. In this way, we can get along with each other happily and peacefully.

思路分析：這是一篇記敘文，概括時只需包含誰（the author）？干了什么事(hurt his foot seriously, but refused help from others)？結(jié)果如何(His condition became worse)？作者最后還從這件事得出一個經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)：我們應(yīng)該互相幫助(we should accept others help when in trouble/when in need / when necessary)。因此，這篇記敘文可以概括如下：

The writer hurt his foot seriously but refused other classmates help, which made the pain even worse, from which he realized that it is important to help each other when in trouble.

[實例二]

Last weekend, when I was taking the elevator in my apartment building, a man with a large dog came in. The dog seemed very fierce and kept barking at me. What is more serious is that it was not bound to any rope. The big dog licked my shoes and I was really frightened. However, the owner was not regretful at all and he even didnt say sorry to me. I was really angry about this uncivilized behavior.

While it is true that people have right to keep pets, they still have to consider other peoples feelings. For example, when they walk the dog outside, they, a t least, have to bind the dog to a rope and keep it under control. As I know, in some western countries, it is illegal to walk the dog without a rope to bind it. I think measures should be taken to prevent this kind of uncivilized things happening again.

思路分析：這是一篇夾敘夾議的文章，作者在講述了一件事（I was really frightened）之后，還對這件事發(fā)表了看法（I was really angry about this uncivilized behavior），并在最后一段提出建議（measures should be taken）在概括時要注意把作者的情感frightened轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞fright，把最后一句用argue for 來替代I think，用uncivilized來替代bad-mannered 并對prevent進行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成 prevention，因此，本文可以概括如下：

Having suffered the fright of a big dog from a stranger, who behaved extremely impolitely, the author strongly argued for the prevention of this bad-mannered behavior.

二、說明文概要的寫法

說明文，以及新聞報道，通常會有中心句，寫概要時要找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后重組文章的信息，用自己的話表述出來。

[實例三]

You may not be very familiar with “ecotourism”—a new term in today's tourism industry—but in an era of growing environmental consciousness, it is not too difficult for us to imagine and work out the meaning of this new form of holiday.

Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique flowers, plants, animals and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is considered as a kind of responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration. Therefore, programs involving the conservation and preservation of some natural and cultural sites also form a part of ecotourism.

Ecotourism is developing at great speed. According to a report by the World Tourism Organization, ecotourism in recent years has enjoyed an annual growth of about 5% worldwide. Over 80 activities have been listed for ecotourism, such as bird watching, hiking, diving, photography, mountaineering and participating in various kinds of local cultural events.

Although big cities are still the major places that absorb tourists in our society today, it looks like some smaller towns and rural areas rich in ecological, cultural and historical resources may well become the new destinations for people to visit tomorrow.

思路分析：這篇文章的主題段在第二段及最后一段，主要告訴人們什么是生態(tài)游。因此，在概括時要把文章的主題段的中心詞（cultural heritage， takes ecology and culture into consideration and historical resources）用自己的話表述出來。原文takes ecology and culture into consideration可以用attracts tourists by natural and cultural heritage來進行轉(zhuǎn)述，同時還要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換。因此，這篇說明文可以概括如下：

Ecotourism is a new fast- developing form of holiday which attracts tourists by natural and cultural heritage, as well as historical resources. It can be a way to protect the environment.

[實例四]

BEIJING—Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang slipped out of the orbital module（艙） of Shenzhou VII Saturday afternoon, starting Chinas first spacewalk or extravehicular activity (EVA) in the outer space. Donning（穿上，戴上）a US$4million homemade Feitian space suit, Zhai waved to the camera mounted on the service module after pulling himself out of the capsule（太空艙） in head-out-first position, video monitor at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC) showed. “Shenzhou VII is now outside the spacecraft. I feel well. I am here greeting the Chinese people and people of the whole world,” the 42-year-old astronaut reported to the ground control in Beijing.

Video monitor at the ground control showed Zhai slowly moved towards a test sample of solid lubricant（潤滑油） placed outside the orbital module. He took the sample and handed it over to Liu Boming, who stayed in the orbital module and closely monitored Zhais moves. After the handover, Zhai, who dreamed of flying into space as an impoverished teenager, started the core part of the space adventure, spacewalk.

The Shenzhou VII spacecraft took off from northwest Chinas Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 9:10 pm on Thursday, and is scheduled to land on the Inner Mongolia steppe on Sunday.

思路分析：這是一篇新聞報道，其主題句就是文章的第一句[Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang slipped out of the orbital module（艙） of Shenzhou VII Saturday afternoon, starting Chinas first spacewalk or extravehicular activity (EVA) in the outer space]。找出主題句后再用自己的話表述出來。可以概括如下：

The news report mainly talks about the process of Chinas first spacewalk in the outer space conducted by astronaut Zhai Zhigang. The Shenzhou VII spacecraft will land on schedule on the

Inner Mongolia steppe.

三、議論文概要的寫法

議論文的概括先要弄清文章的觀點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論，注意文章的首句或首段以及文章的末句和末段，文章有多個段落的，幾個段落的中心就是主旨。文中有一分為二的觀點的，兩種觀點都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點。同時注意使用合理的過渡詞語或句子，把概要和發(fā)表議論的段落有機地聯(lián)系起來，使文章連貫和流暢。

[實例五]

Students should think now about what extracurricular activities they would like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didnt previously know.

You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.

Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers youre well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.

The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.

思路分析：這篇議論文主要論說了參加課外活動的好處，一個段落說到一個好處（may help you deepen your interests，break down the barriers，helps you in other way，are less likely to pick up bad habits），在概括時只需把這幾個段落的大意用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來，第一、二段可以用widen social circle and improve communicating skills來表達，第三、四段用prepare for their future and form good habits來概括。再運用定語從句和一些并列連詞and, as well as把信息點合并成一個句子。此文可以概括如下：

The writer argues for the strengths of extracurricular activities, which helps students better themselves in widening their social circle and improving communicating skills, making preparations for their future as well as forming good habits.

[實例六]

Although the recent week-long National Day holiday generated an expected economic boom, the “Golden Week” holidays are losing their charms for more and more Chinese people, a nationwide survey shows.

During the recent week-long holiday, China received 101 million tourists nationwide and reaped 39.7 billion Yuan (4.8 billion dollars) in tourism, the best “harvest ”since China introduced two extra “Golden Week” holidays in 1999.

However, the “Golden Week” also put unprecedented pressure on the countrys transportation system and service industry. Compared with the ardent welcome the holiday received several years ago, 44% of Chinese citizens prefer “free and flexible holidays with payments maintained” instead of fixed holidays, according to a survey conducted by the Beijing-based Zero Survey Net.com (ZSN).

Too many jams in transportation, restaurants, hotels and scenic spots resulted in peoples disfavor with the current “Golden Week”.

思路分析：作者用一分為二的觀點，在第一、二段論說了黃金周帶來豐厚的經(jīng)濟效益（economic boom），在三、四段論說了黃金周給交通和公共服務(wù)系統(tǒng)以及景點本身帶來了很大的壓力（pressure on the countrys transportation system and service industry.）。概括時可以用prosperity來替代文中的boom，用traffic來替代transportation，避免抄襲的嫌疑。同時還要注意把黃金周帶來的負面影響整合成一個句子，使用as well as 來連接，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊嚴謹。因此，這篇議論文可以概括如下：

The “Golden Week” not only brings China surprising economic prosperity but also pressure on the traffic system and service industry as well as scenic spots. People would like to enjoy a more flexible vocation.

四、表格概要的寫法

表格類的文章則要注意整合表格信息并且運用連貫合適的語言把表格信息表述出來。

[實例七]

以下是某一學(xué)校對青少年喜歡的音樂種類及原因進行了一次調(diào)查。情況如下：

思路分析：這篇表格信息主要是青少年聽不同種類的音樂的百分比以及為什么喜歡聽音樂的理由。（55% listen to music mainly because they like the rhythm of the music.36% are affected by music played on TV or in films），在概括時可以用more than half 來替換55%;用largely來替換mainly;用influenced來替換affected;用media來替換TV or films。因此，可以概括如下：

From the chart we can see that more than half of the teenagers enjoy listening to pop music largely because they enjoy the rhythm of the music or they are just influenced by music in the media.

五、發(fā)言稿概要的寫法

發(fā)言稿通常會很明確地表明觀點或態(tài)度，寫概要時要從發(fā)言者的語言中明確作者的態(tài)度，把握作者的寫作目的。

[實例八]

Dear Chinese friends,

Tonight, we come to the end of 16 glorious days which we will cherish forever. Thank you to the people of China, to all the wonderful volunteers and to BOCOG!

Through these Games, the world learned more about China, and China learned more about the world. Athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees came to these dazzling venues and awed us with their talent. New stars were born. Stars from past Games amazed us again. We shared their joys and their tears, and we marveled at their ability. We will long remember the achievements we witnessed here. To the athletes tonight: You were true role models. You have shown us the unifying power of sport.

The Olympic spirit lives in the warm embrace of competitors from nations in conflict. Keep that spirit alive when you return home.

These were truly exceptional Games!

Thank you!

(Adapted from the speech by IOC President Jacques Rogge)

思路分析：從這篇發(fā)言稿所用的詞語（glorious, the wonderful volunteers, amazed, marveled，achievements，keep the Olympic spirit alive）我們可知奧委會主席羅格高度評價了北京奧運會以及運動員們出色的表現(xiàn)，并且希望大家能夠發(fā)揚奧運精神（Keep that spirit alive when you return home）。寫這篇概要時，可以用更概括的詞語spoke in praise of或spoke highly of 來替換以上的詞語，并用一個定語從句使句子連貫。因此，這篇發(fā)言稿可以概括如下：

Rogge, in his speech, spoke highly of the Beijing Olympic Games, in which the athletes did their utmost to achieve their goals, and he hoped people should keep up the Olympic spirit.

總之，在備考讀寫任務(wù)的概要寫作時，我們要根據(jù)不同文體的不同特點，用不同的方法進行針對性的訓(xùn)練，定能提高我們的概括能力，從而在高考中取得最佳成績。

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青