摘要: 網絡語言測試資源的大量出現是對傳統語言測試資源和語言教學的有益補充和有效輔助。本文以閱讀理解測試為參考對象,簡要指出基于紙筆的傳統閱讀理解測試習題集存在的弊病,通過調查和分析一些互聯網站的閱讀理解測試資源,分析評價了網絡測試資源的特點及優勢。
關鍵詞: 網絡資源 閱讀理解測試 評估
1.前言
隨著計算機技術和現代語言測試的發展,網絡上出現了大量的在線試題,許多網站還免費提供這樣的試題資源,同時網絡語言測試作為依托計算機和因特網進行的一種嶄新考試形式,逐漸成為傳統語言測試的一種輔助手段,并且成為語言學習者一種新的語言訓練方式?,F今網絡上熱門的語言測試習題是否是傳統測試試題的簡單復制,還是從內容上順應語言測試理論的進一步發展?是簡單地利用計算機數據庫系統管理測試題集,還是在技術上提高了測試質量?這些都是很值得研究的問題。本文擬以閱讀理解測試為例,首先指出傳統閱讀理解測試習題所存在的問題,然后分析網絡英語測試資源的特點和優勢。
2.傳統閱讀理解測試習題集的弊端
隨著交際語言測試理論的發展,傳統的基于紙筆的閱讀理解測試習題的編寫也經歷了較大的改良,但是其劣勢仍顯而易見。首先,學生對閱讀材料的選擇范圍小,一旦選擇某本參考書,就只好被動地接受已經固化的閱讀材料;練習后得到考試反饋太遲或太少,因此對以后的學習影響和提高較少。其次,閱讀材料常常局限于議論文或說明文等論述性文章,閱讀內容對于大多數學生毫無吸引力,難以提高學生學習的動機和興趣。最后,題型設置陳舊、解題方法單一,缺乏時效性、靈活性和實用性,使得語言的輸入和輸出產生脫節??傊?,傳統閱讀理解測試習題集在培養學生閱讀技能,提高學習者參與語言學習的興趣,培養學習者語言交際能力等方面的效果十分有限。
3.觀察與評估
以百度和酷狗作為搜索引擎,我們可以發現較多與閱讀理解測試有關的網站。例如:
http://www.world-english.org/
http://www.englishclub.com
http://www.ohiou.eld/Esl/English/reading
http://www.transparent.com/tlquiz
http://www.examenglish.com
......
以第一個英文學習網站為例,我們可以發現這是一個典型的英語測試網站,這個網站滿足了學習者多方面的學習目的,例如如果學習者想知道自己的英語水平,在線測試中的ENGLISH ASSESSMENT TEST可以提供這種服務,受試者可以首先對自己的英語水平進行測試,然后根據自己的英語水平選擇適當的學習材料,也可以直接進入自己感興趣的英語學習活動、練習或測試,如語法、聽力、詞匯、寫作、閱讀等。其中在閱讀方面的專項訓練中有以下鏈接:
Reading
ENGLISH WEBQUESTS
READING COMPREHENSION
MINI READING TEST
IMPROVE YOUR READING SKILLS
GLOBAL NEWSPAPERS
INTERESTING NEWS STORIES
FIFTY AMAZING FACTS
FUN FACTS QUIZ
ENGLISH PROVERBS
CLASSIC SHORT STORIES
CLASSIC ENGLISH POETRY
TYPING TEST GAME
從以上表格中我們可以看出閱讀材料內容豐富,包含新聞、股市、笑話、諺語、詩歌,等等。讓我們進一步選擇一些閱讀理解題目個案,并分析其命題特點,例如:
Read the following information about different pen pals.
1.Mary,24 years old,comes from Scotland and would like to find a pen pal who comes from East Europe.She likes playing the piano and listening to jazz music.She is interested in history but does not like discussing politics.
2.Kim Lee,19 years old,comes from Seoul,South Korea. Kim loves travelling and hopes to visit Great Britain in the future.He would like a pen pal who is interested in discussing the differences between life in Europe and life in Asia.He loves listening to pop music and playing football in his free time.
3.Pietro,42 years old,comes from Argentina.He is a businessman and would like to find a pen pal who is also a businessperson and lives in North America.He is married with three children and likes using the Internet in his free time.
4.Helga,33 years old,comes from Germany and speaks French, English and Russian.She would like a pen pal who is interested in exchanging ideas about language learning.She does not like using computers for learning and believes that language learning can only happen in a classroom.
5.Jennifer,18,comes from Cardiff in Wales.She is interested in discussing the political differences between East Europe and the United Kingdom.She loves riding her horse,Jackie,and listening to jazz music.
6. Alessandro,25 years old,comes from Rome.He is interested in finding a pen pal who speaks different languages and can exchange ideas on using the computer for learning purposes.He likes playing tennis and football in his free time.
Comprehension Questions
Which pen pal is the best one for these people?Choose ONLY ONE pen pal for each person.
Piotrek Kowalski,18,comes from Poland and would like a pen pal who is interested in discussing the current political situation in the world.He likes jazz and playing tennis in his free time.
The best pen pal for Piotrek would be
Tom Hendrix,36,is a businessman from Toronto,Canada.He would like to find a pen pal from a different continent to discuss business practices and differences between his country and others.
The best pen pal for Tom would be
Olga,32 years old,comes from Moscow,Russia.She is a historian and would like to find a pen pal who is interested in discussing the history of Russia before the communist regime.She is not interested in comparing different political systems.
The best pen pal for Olga would be
Jack,27,is from London.His favourite pastime is learning languages.He goes to evening German and French classes and uses his computer to improve his German and French by visiting Internet sites.
The best pen pal for Jack would be
James,22,is from Dublin.He loves travelling and wants to visit Asia in the near future and would like a pen pal who likes playing football and who can tell him about the differences between life in Asia and Ireland.
The best pen pal for James would be
Ela,35 years old,comes from Sydney,Australia.She likes learning languages,but does not like using modern technology.She is interested in finding a pen pal who also enjoys learning languages in a traditional manner.
The best pen pal for Ela would be
這種題型不拘于傳統的四選一選擇題,而采用了配對選擇題型。選材難度適中,適合初學者閱讀,包含信息量大,任務真實性強,必須直接尋找答案,沒有選擇可供參考,學習者不僅要讀懂內容,還要根據對內容的理解去完成規定任務,這個題型實際上是信息交換性題目,具有很強的實際交際意義,符合交際語言測試中真實性和互動性原則。另一則例子:
Luggage check
Airport baggage screeners in the USA,displaying seized chain saws,machetes and knives,warned travellers check their luggage offensive objects before boarding flight.
Officials of Transport Security Administration,said that since February 2002 more 7.5 million prohibited items had seized.They included 50,000 box cutters——a weapon said to used by the Sept. 11,2001 hijackers——and 1,437 firearms as 2.3 million knives.
The TSA officials told news conference most people such items in their bags intended no malice but advised passengers to consult the Web site www.tsatraveltips.usa advice on what to leave behind making a trip.
Since the Sept. 11 attacks screeners have confiscated seemingly harmless items like nail clippers and cigarette lighters passengers.
But some carry obviously dangerous items.Chain saws,a weed cutting machine,hand saws and machetes,steak knives,bottles of camping stove fuel and perfume bottles shaped like hand grenades were among items displayed a sample of objects seized New York’s John F.Kennedy International Airport.
While some carry-on items have been innocent——a hockey stick or a child’s plastic sword——other discoveries by TSA have yielded razor blades tennis shoes and a bayonet hidden in hollowed-out artificial leg.
顯然,這項閱讀測試題要求學習者填寫適當的介詞或連詞,也可以歸類于完型填空題。該題型不僅測試了學習者的語法和詞匯知識,更趨向于測試其閱讀理解能力。它不但要求學生能夠看懂文章,有一定的背景知識,更重要的是能夠預測語句的完成方式,預測文章的下一步發展,具備語篇理解能力,適合具有一定英語水平的學習者練習。學習者必須把語言知識和語用知識有機結合起來,才能在靈活運用的基礎上得到正確結果。
4.網絡閱讀理解測試資源的優勢
與傳統閱讀理解測試習題相比,網絡測試資源具有非常多的優點。
第一,網絡資源包含了各種類型的材料并且實時更新,例如:報刊上的文章、各種電器和機器的說明、公眾話題、時刻表、地圖、廣告等,以上這些類型的材料不僅能夠提供具有時代感的生動的語言,還能夠通過表明這種語言如何在實際生活中應用來更好地激發學習者的興趣,吸引其學習注意力,并在閱讀測試的同時提高語言技能。
第二,閱讀理解測試的題型靈活多樣,不再拘泥于傳統的選擇題和簡短回答題。傳統的閱讀理解試題選項只是將原文中的細節信息做了細致的歸納或轉述,一方面加重了學生閱讀負擔,另一方面正確選項似乎具有一定的規律性,學生只需要運用所謂的考試技巧就可辨別和選擇正確的答案。有時學生幾乎不用看原文也可以猜出正確的答案,這顯然不是閱讀考試的目的所在。而網絡閱讀理解測試題型常常結合聲音,圖片,文字,通過激活學習者眼、耳、口、手和腦對語言信息的綜合反應,使學習者最大限度地獲知目標語。學生必須仔細閱讀全文,運用根據上下文判斷語義、歸納推理等多種閱讀技巧才能得到正確答案,有效地將語言輸入和語言輸出結合起來,從而達到語言教學和測試的最終目的。
第三,網絡測試給學習者提供了更大的自由度和選擇權,他們可以基于自己真實水平和興趣來選擇相應合適的內容,這樣可以增強學習者的閱讀動力,更重要的是可以幫助他們養成良好的閱讀習慣和技巧。學習者可根據已具備的語言知識進行自我調控的測試,最終實現語言知識向語言技能的轉化。
第四,網絡測試資源為學習者提供了一種基于互聯網的輕松的語言輸出環境,減少了學生在傳統測試中過度受監控和潛意識擁有的參試焦慮感,創造了一個良好的語言輸出運用的條件和氛圍。
第五,網絡測試可以提供一些輔助性的評價功能,實現了參與者與測試本身的互動。學習者做完考題后一提交就可立即知道自己所得分數和答案等一些反饋信息,有時還可以通過鍵盤輸入來提出一些問題并立刻得到回答,例如,可以知道自己的閱讀速度、準確度等。如果學習者不滿意前次練習,可以隨時刷新,重新進行測試并獲得評價。在一些測試情況中,學習者還可以與其他同時在線的學習者交流自己的觀點,還可以從老師那里獲得即時的評價,這種動態和實時的網絡測試可以成為學習與教學的有效支撐體系。
5.結語
網絡閱讀理解測試資源具有傳統閱讀理解測試習題不可比擬的優勢,但也存在一定的局限性,例如網絡閱讀測試的答案大多容易通過點擊獲得,因此要求學生有較高的自制力和約束力,才能達到測試練習的目的;學生適應了傳統的紙印基礎上的閱讀,會相對難以適應屏幕閱讀,閱讀速度和閱讀技巧因此受到制約等??傊?,網絡測試資源內容豐富多彩,題型靈活多樣,符合閱讀測試的設計原則,但我們也不應對傳統測試全盤否定,而是應該充分利用網絡資源和傳統的教學資源,有效培養學習者的閱讀習慣和技巧,畢竟網絡測試是對傳統測試的豐富與發展,是語言測試的新的發展方向。
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