英漢句子翻譯的四個技巧

翻譯與其說是一種語言活動，不如說是一門藝術，因為它不是機械的轉換和簡單的變更，而是用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的思想內容、感情、風格等忠實地重新表現出來。

英語作文是高考英語的必考題之一，可以毫不夸張地說，英語作文的成敗直接影響高考的成敗。而衡量一篇文章質量的高低，語言的靈動多變起著關鍵的作用。由于英漢兩種語言的文化差異，常常不能逐字對譯，翻譯時要根據英漢語言的特點講究適當的藝術，常用的翻譯技巧有:

1. 詞的增補。

漢語里無主語的句子很多，而英語一般都需要有主語。所以，為了保證英語語法結構的完整，有時根據需要采用被動式或“There be...”結構。如:

(1)下午六點開晚飯。

Supper is served at 6 p.m.

(2)不可否認中國已在世界上占舉足輕重的地位。

There is no denying that China is playing an important part in the world.

此外，還常常需要根據上下文的意思選擇適當的詞來補出主語。如:

(1)接到你的來信非常高興。

I was very glad to have received your letter.

(2)一聽到那個壞消息，她就忍不住哭了起來。

When she heard the bad news， she couldn’t help crying out.

在英語里，凡說到一個人的器官時，總要在前面加上物主代詞。如:

(1)動動腦筋，你就會想出辦法的。

Use your head， then you will find a way.

(2)她用手蒙住臉保護眼睛。

She covered her face with her hand to protect her eyes.

以上句子中所增加的your， her， 從漢語的角度來看是多余的，可在英語中不能缺少。

2. 詞類的轉換。

詞類轉換是學生比較陌生的一種寫作方法，但是運用得當，可使行文靈動多變，更符合英語習慣。一般是漢語的動詞轉換成英語的名詞、形容詞、介詞。如:

(1)中國成功地發射了神舟七號引起了全世界的關注。

China’s successful launching of Shenzhou Seven caused the world’s attention.

(2)我們懷疑他是否能完成任務。

We are doubtful whether he can finish his task.

(3)我們都贊成他的建議。

We are all in favor of his suggestion.

另一種情況是漢語的名詞轉換成英語的動詞。如:

(1)他的演講給我們的印象很深。

His speech impressed us deeply.

(2)地球的形狀像一個大球。

The earth is shaped like a big ball.

3. 語序的變換。

為了加強修辭效果，或為了更加確切地表達原文含義，我們常常使用倒裝句，或者強調句。如:

(1)他悄悄地走了。

He went away， quietly.(正常語序)

Quietly， he went away.(副詞提前，強調動作的輕，更加形象)

(2)斯密思先生進來了。

Mr. Smith came in. (正常語序)

In came Mr. Smith. (介詞提前，強調來者的心情迫切)

4. 語態的變換。

漢語中有些句子看似主動句，但譯成英語時常用被動式。如:

(1)人們認為……It is thought that...

(2)大家知道……It is well known that...

(3)有人說…… It is said that...

(4)請全體同學到操場集中。

All the students are required to gather on the playground.

請用多種方式翻譯下列句子:

1. 2008年四川發生了一場地震。

2. 他沒上學是因為他病了。

3. 湯姆是大家公認的真正英雄。

4. 劉老師昨天給了我一些書。

5. 那孩子不想吃任何東西。

6. 只有努力學習你才會成功。

7. 一聽到那個不幸的消息她就哭了起來。

8. 這老師不僅有知識而且有經驗。

9. 這是我看過的最好的一部電影。

10. Jack 是我們班最高的學生。

參考答案

1. 2008年四川發生了一場地震。

An earthquake happened in Sichuan in 2008.

An earthquake shook Sichuan in 2008.

There was an earthquake in Sichuan in 2008.

Sichuan was shaken by an earthquake in 2008.

2. 他沒上學是因為他病了。

The reason why he didn’t go to school was that he was ill.

He was ill so that he didn’t go to school.

He didn’t go to school because of his illness.

It was his illness that he didn’t go to school.

3. 湯姆是大家公認的真正英雄。

There is no doubt that Tom is a real hero.

Without doubt， Tom is a real hero.

Anyone doesn’t doubt that Tom is a real hero.

4. 劉老師昨天給了我一些書。

Teacher Liu gave me some books yesterday.

What teacher Liu gave me yesterday was some books.

It was some books that teacher Liu gave me yesterday.

5. 那孩子不想吃任何東西。

The child didn’t feel like eating anything.

The child refused to eat anything.

The child showed no interest in eating anything.

6. 如果努力學習你就會成功。

You will succeed if you study hard.

You won’t succeed unless you study hard.

Without studying hard， you won’t succeed.

It is your studying hard that will make you succeed.

7. 一聽到那個不幸的消息她就哭了起來。

When she heard the bad news， she burst into tears.

Hardly had she heard the bad news when she burst into tears.

The moment she heard the bad news， she burst into tears.

Hearing the bad news， she burst into tears.

8. 這老師不僅有知識而且有經驗。

This teacher has knowledge and he has experience， too.

This teacher has knowledge as well as experience.

This teacher has not only knowledge but also experience.

9. 這是我看過的最好的一部電影。

This is the best film I have ever seen.

I have never seen such a good film.

It is the first time that I have seen such a good film.

10. Jack 是我班最高的學生。

Jack is the tallest student in our class.

Compared with other students in our class， Jack is tall.

責任編校蔣小青