全國自考《英語寫作基礎》改寫病句題型分析

　　摘 要： 改寫病句是自考《英語寫作基礎》的必考題型之一，也是學生普遍反映較難的部分。考生在復習備考時應掌握常見病句的概念和特點，以及每種病句的修改方法，然后多做習題，考試時做到認真審題，冷靜判斷，細心答題。
　　關鍵詞： 自考 《英語寫作基礎》 改寫病句 題型分析
　　
　　改寫病句是全國自考《英語寫作基礎》課的必考題型之一，也是學生普遍反映較難、得分率較低的部分。這個題型主要的考核知識點包括串句、破句、錯誤平行結構、修飾語錯置、垂懸修飾語。改寫病句共五道題，每道3分，總15分。考生在復習這個題型時應明確這五種結構錯誤的基本概念和特點，學會判斷錯誤類型并掌握每種錯誤類型的修改方法和技巧。
　　一、串句（Run-on sentences）
　　串句是指在沒有連接詞或標點符號的情況下，將兩個獨立的單句串在一起。這種錯句常使讀者感到困惑，說不清哪里該起，哪里該止，有些是僅將兩個單句用逗號隔開，犯了“逗號割裂”（comma splice)錯誤。修改串句的方法有：句號與大寫；逗號與連接詞；使用分號。例如：
　　（1）Reading is an important part of our lives it is hard to imagine it can be replaced.（2010.1）
　　應改為：Reading is an important part of our lives.It is hard to imagine it can be replaced./It is hard to imagine reading can be replaced as it is an important part of our lives.
　　（2）There is a very beautiful garden on campus，that is my favorite spot.（2009.10）
　　應改為：There is a very beautiful garden on campus，which is my favorite spot./ There is a very beautiful garden on campus.That is my favorite spot.
　　（3）Do your homework first，you may go out to play football.（2009.1）
　　應改為：Do your homework first.Then you may go out to play football.
　　（4）In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome she felt it was too hot there.（2008.10）
　　應改為：In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome.She felt it was too hot there./In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome because she felt it was too hot there.
　　（5）I am very tired this evening，it was a long day at the office.（2008.1）
　　應改為：I am very tired this evening.It was a long day at the office./ I am very tired this evening after a long day at the office.
　　二、破句（Fragmentary sentences）
　　要表達一個完整的意思，每個句子都必須有主語和謂語動詞。有些所謂的句子，或無主語，或無謂語動詞，僅僅是單詞的堆砌，在語法上是講不通的，而且語義也不完整。修改方法有：把破句附屬于其前或其后的一個主句或去掉這個從屬連詞；把現在分詞改成動詞的正確形式；給破句加上主語和動詞，使其成為一個完整的句子；改變必要的詞使破句成為它前面句子的一部分。例如：
　　（1）Before the widespread use of the Internet.There was no universal way to download new reading materials.（2010.1）
　　應改為：Before the widespread use of the Internet，there was no universal way to download new reading materials.
　　（2）Without low-cost transportation.Millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.（2010.1）
　　應改為：Without low-cost transportation，millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.
　　（3）She closed her eyes.Thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.（2009.10）
　　應改為：She closed her eyes，thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.
　　（4）I could not help looking back at him.Tears streaming down my face.（2009.1）
　　應改為：I could not help looking back at him，tears streaming down my face.
　　（5）One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts.Such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.（2008.10）
　　應改為：One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.
　　（6）A very powerful story that really puts its message across.（2008.1）
　　應改為：It is a very powerful story that really puts its message across.
　　三、錯誤的平行結構（Faulty parallelism）
　　平行結構是把兩個或兩個以上意思并列的成分用同等的語法形式表達出來。如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語法形式來表達就破壞了平行結構。平行結構是一種有效表達思想的手段，它能使句子整齊、對稱、流暢，使句意富有節奏感。平行結構可以是單詞、詞組、從句，也可以是句子。修改時應注意：由并列連詞連接的一組詞，其所連接的部分必須具有相同的語法結構；注意錯誤的省略；注意用than或as引出的比較。 例如：
　　
　　（1）In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and to travel to the market.（2010.1）
　　應改為：In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and travel to the market.
　　（2）His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim.（2009.10）
　　應改為：His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim’s.
　　（3）Susan likes to swim in summer and skiing in winter.（2009.1）
　　應改為：Susan likes to swim in summer and ski in winter.
　　（4）Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and the plays which were based on historical events.（2008.10）
　　應改為：Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and historical plays.
　　（5）I never saw so many cheerful，courteous students and helpful.（2008.1）
　　應改為：I never saw so many cheerful，courteous，and helpful students.
　　四、修飾語錯置（Misplaced modifiers）
　　修飾語錯置是因修飾語與被修飾語之間的位置不恰當（通常是相互之間間隔得太遠)而造成的語意模糊現象。修飾語可以是單詞、詞組、從句，也可以是句子。為避免修飾語錯置，修飾語和被修飾的詞要盡量靠近。例如：
　　（1）The teacher assigned the homework to the students that was too difficult.（2009.10）
　　應改為：The teacher assigned the homework that was too difficult to the students.
　　（2）Rita mentioned the operation she had had in the elevator.（2009.1）
　　應改為：In the elevator，Rita mentioned the operation she had had.
　　（3）Peter ordered the meal for his friends ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef.（2008.10）
　　應改為：Peter ordered the meal ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef for his friends.
　　（4）I have followed the instruction faithfully given by the manual.（2008.1）
　　應改為：I have followed faithfully the instruction given by the manual.
　　五、垂懸修飾語（Dangling modifiers）
　　垂懸修飾語是指短語或從句（沒有主語或謂語，或主語謂語全無)在邏輯上與所修飾的部分相分離，所以這部分短語或從句好像與句子的其他部分無關。修改辦法有：補出隱含的主語：把垂懸短語或省略從句擴展為完整的從句等。例如：
　　（1）To lose weight，hamburgers must not be eaten.（2010.1）
　　應改為：To lose weight，you must not eat hamburgers.
　　（2）Wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.（2009.10）
　　應改為：When I was wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.
　　（3）To join the club，a form should be filled in first.（2009.1）
　　應改為：To join the club，you should fill in a form first.
　　（4）While driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward Jack’s car.（2008.10）
　　應改為：While Jack was driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward his car.
　　（5）To take this course，the professor must give her approval.（2008.1）
　　應改為：To take this course，she must get the approval from the professor.