摘要本文針對許多學校課堂閱讀教學效率偏低的現狀,以學生為中心主體,結合實踐,提出和論證了通過多媒體課件和文章的整體性來實現學生的課堂參與的可行性,從而實現教師的有效教學目的。
關鍵詞閱讀教學 多媒體課件 文章的整體性
中圖分類號:G633.4文獻標識碼:A
閱讀教學一直以來是課堂教學的重要組成部分,為學生的語言習得提供了大量的語言信息材料和語言實踐,《新課標》要求“側重培養學生的閱讀理解能力”肯定了課堂閱讀教學的重要性和必要性。但是由于自身條件所限和受傳統的教學習慣和方法影響,面對新教材閱讀材料里出現的大量言語基礎知識,大部分英語教師一直覺得英語閱讀課堂效率低下, 沒有學生的參與,學生非常被動,教學效果不是那么令人滿意。
新課程理念要求教師教學要以學生為主體,教學活動設計嚴謹合理,符合學生的認知規律和心理特點,注重學法指導和學生學習策略的培養,充分發揮教師的主導作用和學生的主體作用,讓學生成了課堂的真正主人。這樣學生就參與了課堂閱讀的活動。我們可以通過以下兩方面實現教師的教學目的。
1 多媒體課件,激發學生參與閱讀的興趣
多媒體教學使學生學習得更輕松、活潑。圖形、音頻、視頻、動畫等效果的運用,從多方面刺激學生的感官,提高學生的學習興趣和注意力,降低閱讀材料的難度,加深記憶,增進對知識的理解,使知識的傳授變得淺顯易懂,直觀形象。多媒體教學改變傳統單向傳授的教學方式,趨向于雙向溝通的學習方式,學生更容易主動去學習和探究知識,參與到課堂中的教學活動中。多媒體課件的運用能更好地展現教師的才藝和想象,老師在備課方面有好的方法、好的設計,在傳統教學中,有時是無法做到的,而現在有了多媒體的運用,就能輕而易舉地辦成,從而保證了教學的質量。
2 文章的整體性,延續學生參與閱讀的熱情
新課標中指出:“在教學中尤其要重視培養整體把握的能力。”“閱讀教學的重點是培養學生具有感受、理解、欣賞和評價的能力。”文章是融知識、思維、情感、審美等多方面教育效益的綜合體,是作者人生觀、審美觀的外現。每篇文章都有整體的內在結構,完整的形象和作者想要說明的觀點和意圖,各因素間有著不可分割的聯系,是一個有機整體。所以閱讀教學一定要杜絕“肢解破碎”式的文本分析,否則我們閱讀課上學生就會味同嚼蠟、興趣倍減,無法融入和參與課堂。
下面我們以《新目標》九年紀閱讀“I’d love to sail across the Pacific”為課堂教學實例:
Step 1. warming –up and lead in:
(1)Enjoy the play. (I believe I can fly)
(2)T: what do you think of the play?
S: It’s interesting/fun/relaxing…
T: What’s the name of the play?
S: I believe I can fly.
T: Can we fly?
S: No, we can’t.
T: Yes,we can’t fly. It’s only our dream. It’s a difficult dream to achieve. Everyone can have a dream, even the animals. What do they want to tell us?(展示動物的滑稽圖片和用中文寫的想法:①奶牛: 我要飛;②鸚鵡:我要當翻譯家;③小狗:我要橫渡太平洋;④猴子:我要當奧運志愿者;⑤小豬:我要繼續讀大學;⑥大熊貓:我要盡快地生幾只小熊貓。)
S1: I want to fly.
S2: I would like to be a translator.
S3: I’d like to sail across the Pacific Ocean.
S4: I would like to be a Olympic volunteer.
S5: I hope to continue going to college.
S6: I dream of having a few babies as soon as possible.
激發了學生已有的閱讀“圖式”或知識背景,針對性地學習了部分新語言知識,從而幫助他們順利閱讀文章
Step 2. Before reading:
T:(Give an example sentence of a hope and a dream.)
I dream of traveling around the world. I hope to go to the great wall next year.
Work on 1a: Is a hope the same as a dream? Hope≠dream? What are the differences? Which is easier to come true and which is less realistic?
S1: A hope is easier to come true than a dream.
S2: A dream is less realistic than a hope.
搞清“夢想和希望”概念,掃除障礙,為進一步的閱讀做準備。
Step 3. While reading:
(1)skimming and fast reading(略讀和速讀)
T: Read through the passage with the question “Are everyone’s dreams the same or different?
Ss:....
(2)Careful reading and reading with focus(細讀找細節)
T: Find out information which can be the key to the following questions:
What are the hopes of teenagers?
What are the dreams of teenagers?
S1: Some students want to start work as soon as possible.
S2: Some hope to continue studying as soon as possible.
S3: A few said they dream of going to the moon one day.
S4:…
令學生找出文章的大意,并指出文章出現的青少年的不同希望和夢想,多方面培養了閱讀能力,促進了語言知識的掌握。
(1)Memory challenge:
T: Why do some students want to start work as soon as possible?
S1:(搶答)….
T: What is important to students about the work they do?
S2: (搶答)…
T: What is an impossible dream in the article?
S3: (搶答)…
對文章細節再次的處理,鞏固了學生的知識習得,通過游戲形式,鼓勵更多的學生參與。
(2)Conclusion:Different people, different hopes/ dreams.
For example:
The old hope to stay healthy.
The hungry hope to have enough food.
The poor hope to have much money.
Parents hope that their children are healthy and happy.
Students hope to get good grades.
Clerks hope to have higher salary.
Some dream that there is no pollution in the world.
Some dream of immortality (長生不老).
Some ….
拓展學生的思維,為下一步做準備。
Step4. After reading:
(1)Discussion: (Among 3 or 4 students)
What is your dream?How are you going to achieve that?
Note: Students should take notes when they talk.
(2)Game(吹牛大比拼):
Think of a dream that you think is the most surprising or wonderful.
討論和游戲發散和活躍學生的思維,學生積極踴躍參與,氣氛達到本節課的高潮。
(3)Tell the student:
It’s important for us to have hopes and dreams. They are the goals of our lives. They will help us to do everything better till best. So hold on to your dreams and never give it up. Try your best to achieve the dream. You will find your dream is coming nearer and nearer and they might come true one day.
適當對學生進行情感教育,并讓他們堅持夢想,永不放棄。
Step 5. Homework:
(1)Write a composition about your dream and how you can achieve your dream:
歸納總結課堂所學的內容,并把口頭語言用文字表達出來,鍛煉提高協寫作的能力。
(2)Search on the internet:Might the dreams of Chinese teenagers be different from western teenagers?
培養學生跨文化意識。
這堂課都是以多媒體課件進行教學的,其中主要的亮點是:
①影片剪輯的引入 (I believe I can fly)
②展示動物的滑稽圖片和他們用中文說的夢想和愿望(What are the dreams of the animals? What do they want to say?)
③觀看一些不同職業的明星明人圖片(what is your dream?)
由一段多媒體播放的輕松搞笑的短片,能活躍氣氛,打開學生的話閘,引出本課的主題:dreams。并通過動物的情景劇,為下一步the differences between dreams and hopes做準備,又可以導出一些本課的部分目標詞匯。最后出現明星明人,是他們的偶像,是中學生感興趣的話題,學生在這種情景中必然會參與到話題的討論中。
課中教師讓學生整體地接受閱讀材料的內容,掌握其中心思想,并以此為前提學生參與課堂的活動,學習語言知識、言語技能,主要布置包括:
①(設問導入,整體感知)Are everyone’s dreams the same or different?
②(展開呈現,整體理解)Ask the students to read through the passage and find out information which can be the key to the following questions:
What are the hopes of teenagers?
What are the dreams of teenagers?
③(歸納總結,整體掌握)Conclude: Different people, different hopes/ dreams.
④(設計活動,整體運動)
A:Discussion: (Among 3 or 4 students)
What is your dream?How are you going to achieve that?
B:Game(吹牛大比拼):Think of a dream that you think is the most surprising.
教師創造英語學習的氛圍,設置閱讀目標,導入新課,在此基礎上產生了信息溝(information gap),學生在信息溝的指導下進行有目的的快速閱讀(fast reading),捕捉信息,滿足認知與情意的需要。這樣完成了對課文表層理解,感知整體一步。在表層理解基礎上,學生細讀閱讀材料,達到深層理解教學內容的目的,促進課堂效率的提高。在全文閱讀后,令學生剝繭去絲,抓文章大意和主要結構,培養了學生的概括能力。最后設置活動,內化學生知識,并檢查學生的語言運用能力及課堂效果。這一過程教師充分考慮了學生的個體發展,給了學生廣闊的活動空間,令學生有效的參與閱讀教學。
總之,英語閱讀課不是教師講解單詞,補充詞組,羅列搭配,逐句逐段分析句子結構、語法等的滿堂灌,也不是簡單的做一些練習,要通過對學生心理的探索,使用多媒體教學或其他有效手段激發學生的英語閱讀興趣,鼓勵學生課堂活動參與,培養學生主動積極閱讀的行為。我們要用整體閱讀的方法更多地去關注學生能力的培養,體現學生的情感、態度、價值觀。我們在平時閱讀課教學中要不斷摸索,同時要結合學生的實際情況,靈活選用方法,激發學生的課堂參與熱情。
參考文獻
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[4]程可拉,劉津開.中學英語任務型教學理念與教學示例.華南理工大學出版社,2003.7.