摘 要:在多年的教學實踐中,我們常常發現學生的書面表達注重的是語言點的齊全,而忽視表達上的層次感。本文通過利用過渡性詞語、利用先總后分、利用對比論證三種方法,討論了如何使表達的內容具有良好層次感的問題。
關鍵詞:書面表達;層次感;過渡性詞語
中國分類號: G427 文獻標識碼: A 文章編號:1992-7711(2011)03-048-01
在多年的教學實踐中,我們常常發現學生的書面表達注重的是語言點的齊全,而忽視表達上的層次感。其結果雖然文章讀上去無大的語法毛病,但給人以凌亂的感覺。不能從整個文章的布局上做到層次清晰,因而難以使閱卷老師給予高分。如何才能使表達的內容具有良好的層次感?我們可以以下面的幾種形式作為借鑒。
一、利用過渡性詞語形式體現
在英語寫作中,有時可以使用一些過渡性的詞語將欲表達的內容呈現。這些過渡性詞語的使用可使文章的表達層次分明,從而使敘述的內容在句與句之間形成有機的銜接與連貫。參見下面的段落,便能一目了然。
Now, Id like to make some suggestions on English teaching and learning in our school. Firstly, we should be given more opportunities to use what weve learned in order to have a better grasp of it. Secondly, I hope our teachers can recommend more interesting books and magazines and give us more free time to read them. Finally, I suggest we have more English activities, such as English contests and festivals.
該段落主要論述了學生對學校英語教學的一些建議。在整個段落中用三個過渡性詞語Firstly, Secondly, Finally, 不但把所敘述的內容巧妙地融與一體,而且給人以層次分明之感。這樣的三步曲既表達了學生的愿望,也符合我們外語教學的目標,即如何學以致用的原則。
二、利用先總后分的形式體現
有時在具體的寫作中,可以采用先明確文章的主題,然后就主題的內容從不同的側面分別加以論述的方法,以達到條理清晰,層次分明的效果。通過一層層的闡述,使全文的主題突出,闡述的內容翔實,以此彰顯文章的層次感。參見下面的短文,其效果會不言而喻。
I m sorry to hear that you are having problems with your exams. You are not alone. Many students have the same problems as you do.
You told me that you are too anxious to sleep well the night before an exam. Actually, this is all too natural. To avoid being too nervous, youd better not take your grades seriously, and fix your attention on the scores, which may help you sleep easily.
You said you couldnt get into your normal state in an exam, which eventually resulted in your poor performance. I suggest you work hard at your lessons daily instead of sitting up before an exam, which will help you build up your confidence. When you feel confident, you can do as well as expected.
Well, when you finish one exam of a subject, try to cheek the answer with your classmates, because it will bring you anxiety when you find your answers are different from those of others.
該文以書信的形式就考試中某學生精神緊張,不能正常發揮而給予指點。筆者圍繞文章中該學生所面臨的問題逐一闡述,然后再談具體的應對方法:1、每逢考試就精神緊張,對策:不要把考試成績看得太重,這樣才沒有壓力,才能安然入睡。2、不能正常發揮,對策:考前復習,樹立信心。3、建議:考試之后不要和別人對答案。最后總結,并且收筆。這樣的敘述使文章娓娓道來,顯得很有條理性和層次感。
三、利用對比論證的形式體現
在一些書面表達中常常要求學生對某一事物從正反兩方面加以論述,并闡明自己的觀點。此種形式具有較強的層次感,讀后形成強烈的反差。如果運用得當,不失為一種表達層次感的良好模式。參看下面的段落,其效果會躍然紙上。
some people think this policy should be perfected because it ensures that ethnic minority students can have an equal opportunity to receive higher education. And the students who have special talents in art and sports but dont do well in their lessons can go to their ideal universities.
However, others are in favor of canceling this policy because they think it is unfair to those who cannot get extra scores. As we know, everyone should be equal in the College Entrance Examination. Besides, some students with powerful parents can get extra marks so that they can win the fierce competition.
該段落從正反兩方面論述了高考加分制度應該取消還是完善。雙方就就不同的觀點提出自己的見解并陳述其理由,形成了鮮明的對比。從而使文章的層次清晰,給人以說理透徹、論證充分之感。
要想使自己的書面表達得到閱卷老師的青睞,除了在遣詞造句上狠下一番功夫之外,還必須注意到文章的層次問題。因為表達的內容有先有后,既要注意完整性,還要講究其邏輯性。要給人以思路清晰、層次分明、表達有佳的感覺。希望學生們在自己的英語寫作中不斷借鑒他人之佳作,最終形成自己的風格,使所寫的文章成為他人品味的良茗。